Landmine Monitor 2002
Mine Action Funding
Tracking financial support for mine action is still difficult, despite greater transparency and better reporting mechanisms. There is much variation in what donors report on, and in what detail, and for what time period. Nevertheless, drawing from Landmine Monitor research it is possible to give an informative picture of the global funding situation.
Landmine Monitor has identified about US$1.4 billion in mine action spending in the past decade. For 2001, Landmine Monitor has identified $237 million allocated for mine action by 24 donors.[1] This represents a decrease of about $4 million from the previous year. Given uncertainties and anomalies in gathering mine action funding data, this reduction is not statistically significant. Indeed, it is at least partially attributable to fluctuating exchange rates with the US dollar. However, it is notable, and a matter of great concern, that this is the first time since 1992 that global mine action funding has not increased by a significant amount.
Unlike in its previous annual reports, Landmine Monitor has now included mine action funding from the European Community (EC) for 2001 and earlier years, as it believes there is adequate information to avoid the problem of double counting (due to European Union member States reporting donations to the EU as part of their domestic mine action spending).
As before, Landmine Monitor has not included funds for research and development into demining technologies and equipment in these totals, instead listing R&D funding separately, when known. While most donors devoted some resources to mine action R&D, only a small number of donors reported precise R&D funding for 2001 (notably Belgium, Canada, EC, Netherlands, UK, and US), totaling more than $21 million. From 1992-2000, mine action R&D spending totaled at least $178 million, including at least $38 million in 2000.
Funding for victim assistance programs is included where possible, but for some major donors landmine victim assistance funding cannot be separated out from other non-landmine-specific programs. Also, in some cases, donors do not report the value of in-kind (as opposed to cash) contributions. Thus, the figures here understate global mine action funding to some degree.
Mine action funding fell substantially for three of the biggest donors: the United States (down $13.2 million); the United Kingdom (down $6.1 million); and Japan (down $4.9 million). The most significant increases were registered by the European Commission (up $11 million); Canada (up $3.6 million); and Italy (up $3 million). Total EC contributions in 2000 and 2001 were similar, but in 2000, $14.7 million went to research and development, while in 2001, only some $235,000 went to R&D.
Of the 20 major donors, funding increased (as calculated in national currencies, not US dollars) for nine, virtually all by a meaningful amount. Funding decreased (as calculated in national currencies) for eleven, though nearly all by a small amount, except the three noted above.
Mine Action Funding in 2001: $237 million
USA $69.2 million EC $25.3 million Norway $19.7 million Canada $15.5 million UK $15.4 million Denmark $14.4 million Netherlands $13.9 million Germany $12.3 million Sweden $8.5 million Switzerland $8.4 million Japan $7 million Australia $6.4 million Italy $5 million Finland $4.5 million France $2.7 million Ireland $2 million Belgium $1.9 million New Zealand $0.95 million Austria $0.89 million Spain $0.7 million Others $2.3 million
Mine Action Funding Reported To Date: $1.419 billion
USA $375.5 million EC $203.3 million Norway $127.2 million UK $94.1 million Sweden $80 million Japan $70.8 million Canada $67.4 million Netherlands $67.2 million Germany $62.7 million Denmark $62.3 million Australia $43 million Switzerland $39.6 million Italy $36 million Finland $27.9 million France $16.8 million Belgium $11.8 million Austria $7.9 million Ireland $7.8 million New Zealand $6.6 million Spain $4.2 million Others $7.2 million
Reported Mine Action Funding by Year
2001 $237 million 2000 $241 million 1999 $220 million 1998 $180 million (plus an estimated $9 million) 1997 $105 million (plus an estimated $35 million) 1996 $99 million (plus an estimated $34 million) 1992-95 $218 million (plus an estimated $41 million)
Mine Action Donors
Unless otherwise noted: figures are in U.S. dollars;[2] figures include victim assistance funding; figures do not include funds for mine action research and development, which are identified separately; and figures do not include contributions to the European Union.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -- $375.5 million
2001 $69.2 million 2000 $82.4 million 1999 $63.1 million 1998 $44.9 million 1997 $30.8 million 1996 $29.8 million 1995 $29.2 million 1994 $15.9 million 1993 $10.2 million
- Figures do not include mine victim assistance funding; however, funding for war victims programs totaled an additional $10 million in FY2001.
- R&D totaled an additional $12.6 million in FY2001, and $81.8 million from FY1995-2000.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY – $203.3 million[3]
2001 $25.3 million (€28.1 million) 2000 $14.3 million (€15.9 million) 1999 $15.5 million (€17.3 million) 1998 $21.4 million (€23.8 million) 1992-1997 $126.8 million (€141.2 million)
- Figures do not include additional mine action funding by individual EU Member States.
- Figures do not include mine action R&D totalling $43.2 million (€48.1 million): €262,000 in 2001, €16.4 million in 2000, €13.8 million in 1999, €7.6 million in 1998 and €10.1 million from 1992-1997.
NORWAY -- $127.2 million
2001 $19.7 million (NOK 176.9 million) 2000 $19.2 million (NOK 178.6 million) 1999 $21.7 million (NOK 185 million) 1998 $20.8 million 1997 $16.7 million (NOK 125 million) 1996 $13.5 million (NOK 101 million) 1995 $11.6 million (NOK 87 million) 1994 $4.0 million (NOK 30 million)
- Norway funds a number of mine action R&D programs, but the total value is not known.
UNITED KINGDOM -- $94.1 million
2001-2002 $15.4 million (£10.7 million) 2000-2001 $21.5 million (£15 million) 1999-2000 $19.5 million (£13.6 million) 1998-1999 $6.5 million (£4.57 million) 1997-1998 $6.6 million (£4.6 million) 1996 $6.3 million 1995 $6.9 million 1994 $6.3 million 1993 $5.1 million
- Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
- R&D totaled an additional $1.87 million in 2001-2002, and $3.43 million from 1997-98 to 2000-2001.
SWEDEN -- $80 million
2001 $8.5 million (SEK 91.6 million) 2000 $7.9 million (SEK 76.7 million) 1999 $11.5 million (SEK 94.5 million) 1998 $16.6 million (SEK 129.5 million) 1997 $11.9 million 1996 $10.4 million 1995 $5.1 million 1994 $2.6 million 1990-93 $5.5 million
- Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
- Sweden has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, totaling more than $24 million from 1994-1999; no figures are available for 2000 or 2001.
JAPAN -- $70.8 million
2001 $7 million (JPY 741 million) 2000 $11.9 million (JPY 1,246 million) 1999 $13.2 million (JPY 1,600 million) 1998 $8.7 million (JPY 1,000 million)
- Prior to 1998, Japan contributed approximately $30 million to mine action.
- In December 2000, Japan announced a new commitment to provide 500 million yen for demining technology R&D.
CANADA -- $67.4 million
2001 $15.5 million (C$24 million) 2000 $11.9 million (C$17.7 million) 1999 $15.2 million (C$23.5 million) 1998 $9.5 million 1997 $3.0 million (C$4.6 million) 1996 $4.0 million (C$6 million) 1995 $1.5 million (C$2.2 million) 1994 $2.9 million (C$4.4 million) 1993 $2.2 million (C$3.4 million) 1989 $1.7 million (C$2.5 million)
- R&D totaled an additional $2.4 million (C$3.7 million) in 2001, $2.7 million in 2000, $1.7 in 1999, and $1 million in 1998.
THE NETHERLANDS -- $67.2 million
2001 $13.9 million (Dfl 32 million, €15.5 million) 2000 $14.2 million (Dfl 35.4 million) 1999 $8.9 million (Dfl 23 million) 1998 $9.3 million 1997 $10.2 million 1996 $10.7 million
- Figures include some but not all victim assistance funding.
- Figures prior to 1996 are not available.
- The Netherlands spent Dfl 12.8 million ($5 million) on the HOM 2000 research project into new demining techniques from 1997 until its termination in 2001. The Dfl 7.4 million (US$2.9 million) remaining from the project budget will be spent on other demining R&D projects in 2001 and 2002.
GERMANY -- $62.7 million
2001 $12.3 million (DM 26.8 million, €13.7 million) 2000 $14.5 million (DM 27.5 million) 1999 $11.4 million (DM 21.7 million) 1998 $10.1 million 1997 $4.9 million 1996 $7.9 million 1995 $0.8 million 1994 $0.5 million 1993 $0.3 million
- Germany has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, totaling more than $6 million from 1993-1999; no figures are available for 2000 or 2001.
DENMARK -- $62.3 million
2001 $14.4 million (DKK 119.4 million) 2000 $13.4 million (DKK 106.7 million) 1999 $7 million (DKK 54.9 million) 1998 $6.2 million (DKK 44.3 million) 1997 $5.4 million (DKK 38.6 million) 1996 $8 million (DKK 57 million) 1995 $2.3 million 1994 $2.0 million 1993 $1.7 million 1992 $1.9 million
- Figures for 1992-1995 do not include bilateral contributions.
- Denmark funds a number of R&D programs, including the Nordic Demining Research Forum (DKK 150,000 in 2001), but the total value is not known.
AUSTRALIA -- $43 million
2001-2002 $6.4 million (A$12 million) 2000-2001 $6.7 million (A$12.6 million) 1999-2000 $8 million (A$12.4 million) 1998-1999 $7 million (A$11.1 million) 1997-1998 $5.9 million (A$9.9 million) 1996-1997 $4.5 million (A$7.5 million) 1995-1996 $4.5 million (A$7.5 million)
- Australia has funded a number of mine action R&D projects, but the total value is not known.
SWITZERLAND -- $39.6 million
2001 $8.4 million 2000 $8.5 million 1999 $5.8 million 1998 Unknown 1997 $4.0 million 1996 $2.6 million 1995 $4.1 million 1994 $3.5 million 1993 $2.7 million
- Funding for victim assistance is not included in these figures because it is integrated into other funding for victims of war, post-conflict reconstruction and long-term development.
- The totals include $3.3 million for the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining in 2001 and $2.3 million in 2000; some or all of these funds could be counted as R&D.
ITALY -- $36 million
2001 $5 million (L 11.2 billion, €5.6 million) 2000 $2 million (L 4.3 billion) 1999 $6.5 million (L 13.9 billion) 1998 $12 million (L 20 billion)
- Italy contributed 18 billion lire ($10.5 million) from 1995-1997.
- Italy has funded a number of mine action R&D projects, but the total value is not known.
FINLAND -- $27.9 million
2001 $4.5 million (FIM 30 million, €5 million) 2000 $4 million (FIM 26.9 million) 1999 $5 million (FIM 28.7 million) 1998 $6.6 million 1997 $4.5 million 1996 $1.3 million 1995 $0.7 million 1991-94 $1.3 million
FRANCE -- $16.8 million
2001 $2.7 million (€3 million) 2000 $1.2 million 1999 $0.9 million 1995-98 $12 million
- France has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, including €14,914,000 ($13,393,000) to “countermine” R&D in 2001, but the value of R&D relevant to humanitarian mine action is not known.
BELGIUM --$11.8 million
2001 $1.9 million (€2.2 million) 2000 $2.5 million (BEF 111 million) 1999 $2.3 million (BEF 93 million) 1994-1998 $5.1 million
- R&D totaled an additional $1.4 million (€1.5 million) in 2001, $1.3 million in 2000, and $4 million through 1999.
AUSTRIA -- $7.9 million
2001 $0.89 million (ATS 13.7 million) 2000 $1.9 million (ATS 30 million) 1999 $0.95 million (ATS 15 million) 1994-98 $4.2 million
IRELAND -- $7.8 million
2001 $2 million (Ir£ 1.8 million, €2.2 million) 2000 $1.4 million (Ir£ 1.3 million) 1999 $1.8 million (Ir£ 1.6 million) 1994-1998 $2.6 million
NEW ZEALAND -- $6.6 million
2001 $0.95 million (NZ$2.3 million) 2000 $0.7 million (NZ$1.8 million) 1999 $0.9 million (NZ$1.8 million) 1992-98 $4 million (NZ$6.9 million)
SPAIN -- $4.2 million
2001 $0.7 million (€741,357) 2000 $0.9 million (Ptas185 million) 1999 $0.7 million (Ptas 178 million) 1998 $0.8 million (Ptas 152 million) 1997 $0.9 million (Ptas 175 million) 1996 $0.1 million 1995 $0.1 million
- Saudi Arabia, which in 2001 announced it would provide $3 million over three years to Yemen’s National Demining Program (it is not known how much was disbursed in 2001);
- Slovenia -- $2.2 million from 1998-2001, including $418,373 in 2001;
- Luxembourg -- $2.1 million from 1998-2001, including $718,896 in 2001;
- Iceland -- $1 million from 1997-2000, but none in 2001;
- South Korea -- $910,000 from 1998-2001, including $150,000 in 2001;
- United Arab Emirates, which announced in March 2001 its intention to donate up to $50 million to help redevelop South Lebanon, including mine action activities. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the UAE and Lebanon in October 2001; it is not known if any funds for mine action were disbursed in 2001.
States and Victim Assistance
The Mine Ban Treaty requires, in Article 6.3, that “Each State in a position to do so shall provide assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration, of mine victims....” In many mine-affected countries the assistance available to address the needs of survivors is inadequate and additional outside assistance is needed in providing for the care and rehabilitation of mine survivors.
Precise, comprehensive and comparable figures for victim assistance funding are difficult to obtain as some governments do not provide specific amounts for victim assistance, but rather consider victim assistance as an integrated part of humanitarian mine action. Some countries, for example Sweden and the United Kingdom, do not specify amounts for mine victim assistance at all with the view that landmine victims are reached through bilateral development programs and other contributions. In addition, many if not the majority of victim assistance programs are carried out by NGOs who receive funding from various sources including governments, private donors and charitable foundations. Therefore, the information presented here cannot be taken as fully representative of the total global funding for victim assistance programs.
From information provided in Landmine Monitor country reports, donors to mine victim assistance in 2001 included:
Donors to Mine Victim Assistance Programs
Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Slovenia South Africa United States of America
It should be noted that while the U.S contribution appears to be the largest, nearly all of it is through the Leahy War Victims Fund ($10 million in 2001) which supports programs for all victims of war; the percentage of funding that supports landmine survivors is not available.
In 2001, the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action expended Sfr 19.1 million ($11.4 million) in 35 mine-affected countries for victim assistance activities including emergency care, continuing medical care, and physical rehabilitation.[4] In 2001, eleven countries contributed Sfr 8.6 million to the Special Appeal.[5] In 2001, other donors included National Red Cross Societies from Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, China (Hong Kong), Japan, New Zealand, Norway and Spain, as well as organizations such as Rotary International, UEFA, Soroptimist International, and the Canton of Zurich.
The ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled expended Sfr 2.8 million (US$1.7 million) on physical rehabilitation programs for persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors in 2001. Norway, the US and the Netherlands contributed Sfr 2.6 million ($1.5 million); the Norwegian Red Cross Society and other organizations also contributed.[6]
In 2001, the Slovenian International Trust Fund for Demining and Victims Assistance (ITF) devoted $1.325 million to victim assistance programs. This constituted 5 percent of overall ITF spending in 2001, well below the ITF’s target of 15 percent. Seven countries contributed to mine victim assistance programs through the ITF: Austria, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and the United States. Other private donors included the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation.
Although support for landmine victim assistance is included in the Mine Action Policy of the European Union, no funding was provided for such programs in the mine action budget in 2001. However, funding has been provided from other budget-lines, including those of the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), to support programs that assist all persons with disabilities in mine-affected countries; the total value of these contributions is not available.
Major Mine Action Recipients
Accurate, complete, and comparable figures for major mine action recipients are even more elusive than those for mine action donors. Only partial funding information for 2001 is available from the UNMAS Mine Action Investments (MAI) Database, as many major donors have not entered data records for 2001.
According to the information available to Landmine Monitor, the biggest mine action funding recipients, cumulatively since the early 1990s, are Afghanistan ($193 million), Mozambique ($160 million), Cambodia ($146 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($103 million), Kosovo (FR Yugoslavia) (85 million), northern Iraq ($80 million), Angola ($71 million), and Laos ($42 million). Lebanon, Eritrea, and Vietnam are emerging as major recipients in the past few years.
In 2001, the top recipients were northern Iraq ($30 million), Cambodia ($21 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($16.6 million), Mozambique ($15.1 million), Angola ($15 million), Afghanistan ($14.1 million), Lebanon ($12.6 million), Kosovo ($8.4 million), Eritrea ($8.4 million) and Laos ($7.5 million).
A number of mine action programs and projects experienced serious problems, even crises, in funding in 2001, including in Afghanistan, Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, and Laos.
Afghanistan
A funding shortfall for the mine action program in Afghanistan prior to 11 September 2001 had threatened again to curtail mine action operations, as it did in 2000. Mine action operations were suspended after 11 September 2001. The mine action infrastructure suffered greatly during the subsequent military conflict, as some warring factions looted offices, seized vehicles and equipment, and assaulted local staff. Four deminers and two mine detection dogs were killed in errant U.S. air strikes.
Funding for the UN Mine Action Program for Afghanistan (MAPA) totaled $193.5 million from 1991 through August 2001. The total of $14.1 million for 2001 represented the smallest amount since 1992. Mine action funding was $22.8 million in 2000. There were nine identified donors in 2001, compared to 12 in 2000. MAPA funding includes demining and mine awareness, but not victim assistance.
Events have resulted in greatly increased donor attention to Afghanistan. Since October 2001, about $64 million has been pledged to mine action in Afghanistan.
Mozambique
It is estimated that mine action funding for Mozambique totaled about $160 million from 1993 to 2001. Thirteen donors reported to Landmine Monitor a total of about $15.1 million in mine action contributions to Mozambique in 2001. There may have been additional contributions not recorded by Landmine Monitor. In 2000, Landmine Monitor identified approximately $17 million in mine action funding for Mozambique.
Cambodia
Total funding for mine action in Cambodia is estimated to exceed $146 million from 1994 through 2001. In 2001, seventeen donors reported contributions to mine action in Cambodia totaling more than $21 million. In 2001 and 2002 a number of donors resumed funding of the Cambodian Mine Action Center, demonstrating renewed confidence after past crises. In 2000, mine action funding totaled about $25 million.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mine action funding for Bosnia and Herzegovina totaled approximately $103 million from 1995 to 2001. Funding for 2001 amounted to $16.6 million, compared to $16.2 million in 2000 and $23 million in 1999. As in 2000, there was a severe funding crisis in 2001, particularly for the Mine Action Centers, at least in part due to lingering lack of donor confidence.
Kosovo
According to an independent study by the Praxis Group carried out on behalf of UNMAS, mine action funding for Kosovo totaled about $85 million from mid-1999 when operations began until to the end of 2001, when the UN declared successful completion of clearance. Landmine Monitor records about $8.4 million in mine action funding in 2001.
Angola
It has been especially difficult to get adequate information on mine action funding for Angola. It is estimated that mine action funding for Angola totaled about $71 million from 1993 to 2001. The annual budgets for 2001 for the principle mine action NGOs came to a total of more than $13.5 million. In addition, UNICEF spent about $1.5 million on its mine risk education programs and the ICRC spent an unknown amount on mine risk education and victim assistance programs. According to information provided to Landmine Monitor by donors and mine action organizations, funding in 2000 totaled approximately $13 million.
Northern Iraq
It is estimated that funding for mine action in northern Iraq totaled about $80 million from 1993 to 2001. The Iraq Mine Action Program, under the jurisdiction of the United Nations, is funded entirely through the UN Oil for Food Program, which started in 1997. The MAP expended over $28 million in 2001, and approximately $20 million in 2000. Two key mine action NGOs, Mines Advisory Group and Norwegian People’s Aid, receive funds apart from the UN program, totaling about $2.4 million in 2001.
Laos
Mine action funding for Laos totaled an estimated $42 million from 1994 to 2001. According to UXO LAO, mine action funding for Laos in 2001 amounted to an estimated $7.5 million. Landmine Monitor country reports identified $8.6 million in funding for 2000.
Central America -- Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua
Funding for the Organization of American States (OAS) Assistance Program for Demining in Central America (PADCA), which involves mine and UXO clearance in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, totaled $27.3 million from 1992 to 2001. In 2001, the OAS regional program received $4.7 million in funding, a decrease from $4.9 in 2000.
Lebanon
Since the Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon in May 2000, mine action funding and activities have increased greatly. Nearly $6 million was provided in 2000 and Landmine Monitor estimates that approximately $12.6 million was allocated to mine action projects in Lebanon in 2001, by at least 13 donors, including the United States ($4.6 million). The United Arab Emirates announced in March 2001 its intention to donate up to $50 million to help redevelop south Lebanon, including mine action activities. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the UAE and Lebanon in October 2001; it is not known if any funds for mine action were disbursed in 2001.
Vietnam
According to reports from donors, more than $25 million has been provided or pledged for mine action in Vietnam in recent years. This includes the $11.2 million donated in March 2002 by the Japanese government to the Ministry of Defense for mine clearance equipment to be used in infrastructure development projects, such as the Ho Chi Minh highway. In 2001, some $5.7 million was provided, including $3.5 million from the United States.
Croatia
Mine clearance in Croatia cost some $103 million from 1997-2001. Croatia has paid for most of the mine clearance from domestic financial resources, but has also received some international support. CROMAC reports that in 2001 it spent $26.4 million, and that of that total, $20.6 million came from Croatian State funding and $5.8 million from other donors. The UN Mine Action Investments database lists $7.2 million in funding from nine donors for Croatia in 2001. In 2000, mine action spending totaled $22.5 million.
[1] In many cases, donors are not reporting for the calendar year 2001. Among the countries reporting for different fiscal years are the US (October 2000-September 2001), Japan (March 2001-February 2002), Canada (April 2001-March 2002), UK (April 2001- April 2002), and Australia (July 2001-June 2002).
[2] Figures for years prior to 2001 are taken from the Executive Summary of Landmine Monitor Report 2001, although in a few cases, corrections to earlier years have been received. In most but not all instances, the figures for earlier years are calculated at the exchange rates for those years.
[3] Exchange rate of € 1 = US$ .898 used for all years.
[4] ICRC, “ICRC Special Report: Mine Action 2001,” Geneva, July 2002, p. 51. Total expenditures for the Special Appeal, including mine awareness activities, was Sfr 23.1 million in 2001.
[5] In 2001, total funding received from States as reported in “ICRC Special Report: Mine Action 2001,”July 2002, p. 45, was: Australia ($978,962), Austria ($200,215), Belgium ($227,863), Canada ($195,255), Denmark ($250,426), Finland ($640,522), Ireland ($288,846), Italy ($713,755), Netherlands ($381,319), and Norway ($1,242,565). It should be noted that in some instances country contributions differ from those reported by States in the Landmine Monitor Report 2002. It should also be noted that only 82.4 percent of total contributions to the ICRC Special Appeal are for mine victim assistance with the balance being allocated for mine awareness and humanitarian diplomacy activities. Exchange rate at 31 December 2001, US$1 = Sfr 1.6732.
[6] In 2001, total funding received from States as reported in “ICRC Special Report: Mine Action 2001,” July 2002, p. 45, was: Netherlands ($18,708), Norway ($1,082,051), and the United States of America ($445,236).