Tracking financial support for mine action is still difficult, despite greater transparency and better reporting mechanisms. There is much variation in what donors report on, and in what detail, and for what time period. Nevertheless, drawing from Landmine Monitor research it is possible to give an informative picture of the global funding situation.

Landmine Monitor has identified about US$2.07 billion in donor mine action contributions from 1992-2003. Of that 12-year total, 65 percent ($1.35 billion) was provided in the past five years (1999-2003), since the entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty, and 74 percent ($1.54 billion) in the past six years, since the signing of the treaty.

For 2003, Landmine Monitor has identified $339 million in mine action funding by more than 24 donors.^[1] This is an increase of $25 million, or 8 percent, from 2002, and an increase of $102 million, or 43 percent, from 2001. It should be noted that the bigger totals for mine action funding for the past two years as expressed in US dollars in part reflect the increasingly favorable exchange rate for many donors.^[2]

Even greater increases in mine action funding will be needed in the future to cope fully with the global landmine problem and to enable Mine Ban Treaty States Parties to meet their ten-year deadlines for mine clearance.

As before, Landmine Monitor has not included funds for research and development into demining technologies and equipment in these totals, and has instead listed R&D funding separately, when known. While many donors devoted some resources to mine action R&D, only a small number of donors (notably Belgium, Canada, Japan, Sweden, UK, and US) reported precise R&D funding for 2003, totaling about $25.3 million. From 1999-2003, mine action R&D spending totaled at least $145 million, including at least $19.7 million in 2002. Landmine Monitor has identified at least $240 million in mine action R&D spending since 1992.

R&D aside, these figures likely understate global donor mine action funding to a significant degree, for a number of reasons. Funding for victim assistance programs is included where possible, but for some major donors landmine victim assistance funding cannot be separated out from other non-landmine-specific programs. Also, in some cases, donors do not report the value of in-kind (as opposed to cash) contributions.

The totals also do not reflect mine action funding provided by non-governmental organizations or the private sector. Landmine Monitor has been able to collect detailed information on NGO funding in only a limited number of countries. In 2003, in six countries where information is available (Austria, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States), NGOs and other private sources donated about $9.5 million to mine action. According to the US State Department, in the last five years, US citizens have contributed more than $14 million to mine action programs around the world, much of it through the Public-Private Partnership program. Since 1999, more than $18 million has been contributed by or channeled through German NGOs for mine action. Dutch NGOs have contributed about $4.3 million to mine action since 1999.

The totals also do not include the UN Oil for Food program funding of mine action in northern Iraq. The UN reports that the program spent $125.5 million from 1997 to 2003, including $27.3 million in 2002. The program ended in November 2003.

Apart from international donor funding, the mine-affected countries themselves have made significant contributions to mine action. According to the Mine Ban Treaty’s Resource Mobilization Contact Group, mine-affected States Parties contributed about $190 million in funding and in-kind resources from 1997 to 2003.^[3] This included $41.6 million in 2002, the last year for which complete data was available. Following are some examples of contributions by mine-affected nations, drawn from this year’s Landmine Monitor country reports. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, national sources provided about $7.5 million for mine action in 2003, up from $5.1 million in 2002. In January 2003, Chad announced its decision to finance 50 percent of its mine action plan; it reported contributing $1 million in 2003. Croatia reports that it provided $23.8 million from its State budget, or 56 percent of total mine action funding for 2003. Mozambique reportedly provided $818,000 for mine action in 2003, but allocated $6.5 million for 2004.

Contributions in 2003

Of the twenty most significant donors, ten increased their mine action contributions in 2003, in terms of national currency, and ten provided less. Those with the largest percentage increases were: Greece (193 percent, nearly tripling its funding); Sweden (45 percent); Belgium (45 percent); European Commission (40 percent); Canada (38 percent); and the United States (26 percent).^[4]

Those with the biggest percentage decreases in terms of national currency were: Japan (71 percent); Austria (62 percent); Italy (48 percent); Australia (43 percent); France (42 percent); and the Netherlands (24 percent).^[5]

The United States again was the largest country donor to mine action with a total of $80.4 million. This was a major increase of $16.7 million and reversed two years of declining spending. By far, the biggest increase in mine action funding as expressed in US dollars came from the European Commission, which went from $38.7 million to $64.5 million, an increase of $25.8 million (due in part to the favorable exchange rate). Others with notable increases in mine action funding included Canada (up $7.4 million), Sweden (up $5.4 million), Greece (up $3.6 million) and Belgium (up $2.6 million).

Japan experienced the most significant decrease in funding, falling $36.7 million to a total of $13 million. But, this came on the heels of Japan’s highest level of spending ever in 2002, and the 2003 total was still among its highest. Mine action funding also dropped significantly for the Netherlands (down $3.9 million), Italy (down $2.9 million), Australia (down $2.3 million), France (down $1.1 million) and Austria (down $1.1 million).

Reported Mine Action Funding by Year

Note: Does not include funding for research and development

Donor Mine Action Funding in 2003: $339 million

Note: Does not include funding for research and development

Donor Mine Action Funding Reported to Date: $2.1 billion

Note: Does not include funding for research and development

Mine Action Donors

Unless otherwise noted, figures are in US dollars.^[8] Figures include victim assistance funding, where known. Figures do not include funds for research and development, which are identified separately.

United States of America - $519.6 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $358.8 million.
• Figures do not include mine victim assistance funding; however, funding for war victims programs totaled an additional $11.9 million in FY2003, and $51.9 million for FY1999-2003.
• R&D totaled an additional $12.6 million in FY2003, $74.8 million for FY1999-2003, and $120.2 million for FY1995-2003.
• In FY 2003, the US Department of Defense awarded a $317 million contract to the US Army Corps of Engineers to secure and destroy abandoned enemy ammunition in Iraq.

European Commission - $304.7 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $156.5 million.
• Figures do not include additional mine action funding by individual EU Member States.
• R&D totaled an additional €10,000 in 2003, €1.4 million in 2002, €262,000 in 2001, €16.4 million in 2000, €13.8 million in 1999, €7.6 million in 1998, and €10.1 million from 1992-1997.

Norway - $184.8 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $115 million.
• Expenditures on R&D are not known.

Japan - $135.3 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $98.9 million.
• Prior to 1998, Japan contributed approximately $30 million to mine action.
• R&D totaled ¥720 million ($5.9 million) in 2003, and ¥760 ($6.2 million) from 1999 to 2003.

United Kingdom - $133.5 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $95.8 million.
• Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
• R&D totaled an additional £1.5 million ($2.5 million) in 2003-2004 and £5.9 million ($9.2 million) from 1999-2000 to 2003-2004.

Canada - $105 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was US$80.2 million.
• R&D totaled an additional C$2.8 million (US$2 million) in 2003, and US$11.1 million from 1998-2003.
• Figures prior to 1998 only include CIDA funding.

Germany - $104.2 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $79.7 million.
• Germany devoted DM 9.75 million ($5.1 million) to R&D from 1993-1999; no figures are available for recent years.

Sweden - $103.5 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $51.4 million.
• Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
• Sweden has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, totaling more than $24 million from 1994-1999, and at least SEK14 million ($1.73 million) in 2003. Figures for other years are not available.

The Netherlands - $95.3 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $65.1 million.
• Figures include some but not all victim assistance funding.
• Figures prior to 1996 are not available.
• The Netherlands spent Dfl 12.8 million ($5 million) on the HOM 2000 research project into new demining techniques from 1997 until its termination in 2001.

Denmark - $84.8 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $57.3 million.
• Figures for 1992-1995 do not include bilateral contributions.
• Denmark has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not known.

Australia - $60.5 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was US$35.1 million.
• Australia has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not known.

Switzerland - $56.9 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $40 million.
• Funding for victim assistance is not included in these figures because it is integrated into other funding for victims of war, post-conflict reconstruction and long-term development.
• The totals include $5.2 million for the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining in 2003, and about $10 million from 2000-2002; some or all of these funds could be counted as R&D.

Italy - $48.8 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $26.3 million.
• Italy contributed 18 billion lire ($10.5 million) from 1995-1997.
• Italy has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not known.

Finland - $40.2 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $25.8 million.

France - $22.9 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $10.9 million.
• France has devoted considerable additional funds to R&D, but the value of R&D relevant to humanitarian mine action is not known.

Belgium - $21.8 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $16.7 million.
• R&D totaled an additional €475,000 ($538,000) in 2003, $5.6 million from 1999-2003, and about $8.1 million from 1994-2003.

Ireland - $11.1 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $8.5 million.

Austria - $11 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was $6.8 million.

New Zealand - $9 million

• Mine action funding for the five-year review period (1999-2003) was US$4.5 million.

Greece - $7.2 million

Other mine action contributions in 2003 included:

• China reports that it provided about $2 million in assistance for worldwide mine clearance activities. China also reports that it donated demining equipment valued at $3 million in 2002 to two countries, and equipment valued at $1.3 million in 2001 to seven countries.
• Spain has not reported fully on its mine action funding in all years, including 2003. Landmine Monitor estimates Spanish mine action funding to be $1.2 million in 2003 and $4.7 million from 1999-2003.
• Saudi Arabia provided $1 million for mine action in Yemen, the final contribution of a $3 million pledge made in 2001.
• Luxembourg provided about $983,000 for mine action, and an additional $800,000 for projects that benefit mine victims among others. From 1999 to 2003, Luxembourg is estimated to have provided $3.83 million in mine action funding.
• Slovenia donated $376,250 to the International Trust Fund. Since 1998, the government has donated a total of $3 million to the ITF.
• The Czech Republic provided $301,757, more than its known contributions to international mine action in all previous years.
• South Korea contributed $50,000 to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance. It has contributed a total of $1 million to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund and $60,000 to the ITF.
• The United Arab Emirates provided $720,543 to Lebanon through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund. The UAE’s bilateral contribution to Lebanon is not known. In 2001, the UAE pledged up to $50 million to redevelop South Lebanon, including an unknown sum for demining, survey and mine risk education activities. “Operation Emirates Solidarity” completed its third phase in May 2004 with the clearance of some 5 million square meters of land, and a fourth phase is under consideration.

States and Victim Assistance

The Mine Ban Treaty obligates, in Article 6.3, that “Each State in a position to do so shall provide assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration, of mine victims....” In many mine-affected countries the assistance available to address the needs of survivors is inadequate and it would appear that additional outside assistance is needed in providing for the care and rehabilitation of mine survivors. Landmine Monitor identified 35 countries receiving resources from other States for mine victim assistance programs in 2003, with the majority of resources being provided for physical rehabilitation programs.

Precise, comprehensive and comparable figures on resources available for mine victim assistance are difficult to obtain. Some governments do not provide specific funding for victim assistance, but rather consider victim assistance as an integrated part of humanitarian mine action. In other instances, some countries, for example Sweden and the United Kingdom, do not provide specific funding for victim assistance at all with the view that landmine victims are reached through bilateral development cooperation and other contributions. However, experience has shown that unless funding is specifically targeted at facilities and programs that assist persons with disabilities, including landmine victims, it is likely that resources will be directed to other areas of public health or development concern leaving the disabled population further disadvantaged.

Based on an analysis of various sources of information available to Landmine Monitor, State donors to mine victim assistance since 1999 include:^[9]

While global mine action funding has increased greatly since 1999, resources for mine victim assistance have declined, even as the number of landmine survivors requiring assistance has continued to grow every year. Since 1999, $143.2 million of victim assistance funding from State donors has been identified, with $83.3 million (58 percent) provided by States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty. In 1999, identifiable victim assistance funding reached $29.8 million, dropping to $29.2 million in 2000 and to $27.5 million in 2001. In 2002, funding rose slightly to $28.2 million and to $28.6 million in 2003.

In addition to resources provided by States, in 2003, for the first time since 1999, the European Commission reported funding for mine victim assistance programs: €500,000 ($565,750) to the International Committee of the Red Cross Special Appeal for Mine Action for integrated mine action including victim assistance, promoting compliance with international humanitarian law and mine risk education in Burma; €200,000 ($226,300) for victim assistance and mine risk education for Burmese refugees in the Thai border areas; €275,000 ($311,163) for mine risk education and victim assistance in Laos; €200,000 ($226,300) for victim assistance in Northern Ossetia (Russian Federation); and more than $6.4 million for an integrated mine action program with a victim assistance component in Sri Lanka. The total funding attributable to the victim assistance component of these programs is not known. In 1999, the EC contributed $5.3 million through the ICRC Special Appeal for mine victim assistance in ten countries. Funding is also provided from other budget-lines, including those of the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), to support programs that assist all persons with disabilities in mine-affected countries. The total value of these contributions is not available.

Resources for victim assistance as a percentage of total mine action funding have declined significantly and steadily from 14.9 percent in 1999 to 11.5 percent in 2000, to 11.1 percent in 2001, to 8.7 percent in 2002, to a low of 8.3 percent in 2003. The average percentage of total mine action funding attributed to victim assistance for the period 1999 through 2003 was 10.5 percent.^[10]

Although some States reported significant increases in funding in 2003 – Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and the United States – in 10 out of 27 donor countries victim assistance funding decreased significantly from 2002. Of particular concern is the drop in funding from Canada, Italy and Japan. Canadian funding dropped by around $2.4 million from 2001 to 2002 and again by $1.9 million from 2002 to 2003. In the case of Italy, resources for victim assistance declined from $2.4 million in 1999 to $97,000 in 2003. Japan reported no funding for victim assistance in 2003 after providing $2.1 million in 2002. Of the States Parties, Norway has provided the most resources for mine victim assistance with $24.2 million or 17 percent of the total identified resources since 1999. It should also be noted that while the US contribution appears to be the largest, this includes the total contribution of the Leahy War Victims Fund (in excess of $10 million each year), which supports programs for all victims of war; the percentage of funding that goes to support programs assisting landmine victims is not available.

Through the research undertaken by Landmine Monitor it is known that Sweden supports victim assistance activities in Colombia through a Swedish NGO and the United Kingdom supports activities in the northern Caucasus through UNICEF. Both States have also provided financial resources to the Comprehensive Disabled Afghans Program in Afghanistan since 1999. Iceland provided prosthetic limbs for amputees in Bosnia and Herzegovina and México provided technical support and facilitated workshops as part of a three-year victim assistance program in Central America. Israel reports sending rehabilitation specialists to mine-affected countries and has rehabilitation exchange agreements. It also supports an economic reintegration program for mine survivors in Guatemala. Although Japan reported no funding for victim assistance in 2003, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency reportedly supported an NGO providing rehabilitation and reintegration activities for mine survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are likely many other programs that assist mine survivors that are not reported in the context of mine action funding.

Equally, if not more important, are the activities of mine-affected states in providing resources for facilities and services within the public health system to address the needs of landmine victims. For example, in Croatia, the State reported allocating about $11,495 specifically for mine victim assistance in 2003. Information on expenditure by other countries is not readily available. In addition, many if not the majority of victim assistance programs are carried out by NGOs who receive funding from various sources including governments, private donors and charitable foundations. For example, German NGOs expended approximately $1.1 million on programs to assist war victims and persons with disabilities, including mine survivors, in 2003. Therefore, the information obtained for the Landmine Monitor Report 2004 cannot be taken as fully representative of the total resources available to provide assistance to mine victims and other persons with disabilities.

Included in the information provided by States are contributions to the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action and ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled.^[11] Since 1999, the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action expended CHF 118 million (US$76.5 million) on victim assistance, mine awareness and humanitarian diplomacy activities. Of the total expenditure, CHF 99.5 million ($64.6 million) or 84 percent was for victim assistance activities including emergency care, continuing medical care, and physical rehabilitation in 14 mine-affected countries: CHF 18.8 million (US$14 million) in 2003; CHF 20.3 million ($13.1 million) in 2002; CHF 19.2 million ($11.3 million) in 2001; CHF 16 million ($9.4 million) in 2000; and CHF 25.2 million ($16.8 million in 1999).^[12] In 2003, the ICRC received contributions from five countries (Czech Republic, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and South Africa), three national Red Cross societies (Denmark, Japan and Norway), and six private donors. Other donors since 1999 include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and the European Commission. An additional CHF 32.3 million (US$21.6 million) was funded out of contributions to the ICRC Emergency Appeals since 1999, including CHF 12.7 million ($9.5 million) in 2003.

The ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled (SFD) has expended CHF 12.3 million (US$7,985,191) on physical rehabilitation programs for persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors since 1999: $2,235,206 in 2003; $1,661,837 in 2002, $1,637,535 in 2001; $1,346,255 in 2000; and $1,104,358 in 1999.^[13] In 2003, three countries (Czech Republic, Norway and the United States), three national societies (Monaco, New Zealand and Norway) and two private donors contributed to the SFD. Since 1999, other donors include Australia and the Netherlands.

States also reported contributions to the Slovenia-based International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF). From 1998 through the end of 2003, of the $111.4 million expended on mine action by the ITF only $8,025,383 (7.2 percent) was for victim assistance programs, well below the ITF’s target of 15 percent. The ITF reportedly experiences difficulties in attracting donors to support victim assistance programs. In 2003, the ITF allocated $2,684,100 (10.8 percent of expenditure) to victim assistance programs, reversing the previous trend of reductions in absolute terms: $936,943 (4 percent) in 2002; $1,325,053 (5 percent) in 2001; $1,419,814 (6 percent) in 2000; and $1,659,473 (9 percent) in 1998/1999.^[14] In 2003, the ITF received contributions from seven countries for mine victim assistance programs: Austria, Canada, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Slovenia and the United States of America. Other donors included Handicap International, Rotary Club International (Vienna) and specific fund raising events. Other countries supporting victim assistance activities through the ITF since 1999 are Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, and France. The ITF has described mine victim assistance programs as “still grossly underfunded.”^[15]

Major Mine Action Recipients

Accurate, complete and comparable figures for major mine action recipients are even more difficult to obtain than those for mine action donors. According to information available to Landmine Monitor, the largest recipients have been Afghanistan ($341 million since 1991, and $141 million in just 2002 and 2003), Mozambique ($192 million since 1993), Cambodia ($190 million since 1994), Iraq ($166 million since 1993), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($129 million since 1995), Angola ($113 million since 1993), Kosovo ($89 million since 1999), and Laos ($54 million since 1994).

Top recipients for the five-year review period (1999-2003) were Afghanistan ($200 million), Iraq ($149 million), Cambodia ($114 million), Kosovo ($89 million), Angola ($84 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($82 million) and Mozambique ($73 million).

In 1999, Cambodia ($23 million) and Afghanistan ($22 million) received the biggest shares of mine action funds, with Angola, Mozambique, and Bosnia and Herzegovina each receiving about $12 million. Following the 1999 crisis and NATO bombing campaign, Kosovo became the favored mine action recipient, receiving some $58 million in the latter part of 1999 and 2000. Also in 2000, the UN’s Iraq Oil for Food program began providing large sums to mine action in northern Iraq, making it the third largest recipient that year after Kosovo and Cambodia. At different points in 2000, Afghanistan, Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cambodia experienced funding crises. In 2001, the top recipients were northern Iraq ($30 million) and Cambodia. Lebanon (following the Israeli withdrawal) and Vietnam emerged as major funding recipients, even as some of the established programs continued to experience funding problems. In 2002, following the overthrow of the Taliban, Afghanistan’s mine action funding skyrocketed to $66 million, more than 20 percent of total global mine action funding; other top recipients were northern Iraq, Cambodia, Angola, Vietnam, Mozambique and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Eritrea (following the end of its border conflict) and Sri Lanka (after its cease-fire) became significant recipients.

In 2003, mine action funding for Afghanistan continued to rise, to $75.2 million. Funds also poured into Iraq after the invasion and ouster of Saddam Hussein, with some $55 million contributed in 2003. The next top recipients were Angola ($21.3 million), Cambodia ($17 million), Sri Lanka ($15.8 million), Mozambique ($15.3 million) and Bosnia and Herzegovina ($10.4 million). Other notable recipients in 2003 included Sudan ($9.5 million), Eritrea ($6.9 million), Lebanon ($6.6 million), Azerbaijan ($5.5 million), Nicaragua ($5.3 million), Laos ($5.3 million), and Vietnam ($4.3 million).^[16]

The biggest increase in mine action funding in 2003 was predictably seen in Iraq (up $24.4 million). Other large increases occurred in Sri Lanka (up $9.8 million), Afghanistan (up $9.2 million), and Sudan (up $4.4 million).

An unusually large number of mine-affected countries experienced a decline in donor contributions to mine action in 2003. Mine action funding fell most severely in 2003 for Vietnam (down $13.4 million) and Cambodia (down $10.4 million). Decreases in funding were also seen for Bosnia and Herzegovina (down $5.4 million), Eritrea (down $4.2 million), Somaliland (down $3.5 million), Laos (down $2.7 million), and Ethiopia (down $2.7 million).

Afghanistan

Since the ouster of the Taliban in late 2001, mine action funding for Afghanistan has exceeded that for any country previously. After dropping sharply to $14 million in 2001, mine action funding totaled $66 million in 2002 and $75.2 million in 2003. Contributions in 2003 were received from 13 countries, the EC, eight organizations and private donors. Funding for Afghanistan amounted to $200 million from 1999-2003 and $341 million from 1991-2003.

Mozambique

According to information provided to Landmine Monitor, in 2003, 11 donor governments and the EC provided about $15.3 million for mine action in Mozambique. The National Demining Institute said it received approximately $18.2 million. NDI reported contributions totaling $16.9 million in 2002, while Landmine Monitor recorded $13.5 million from 16 donors. Landmine Monitor estimates that funding for Mozambique totaled $73 million from 1999-2003 and $192 million from 1993-2003.

Cambodia

In 2003, 15 donor governments and the EC provided approximately $17 million in mine action funding for Cambodia, a decrease of more than $10 million from 2002. Donations for mine action in Cambodia are estimated to have exceeded $190 million from 1994 through 2003, including $114 million for 1999 through 2003.

Iraq

Fifteen major donors provided about $55 million to mine action throughout Iraq in 2003. Funding for mine action in northern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan) alone in 2002 totaled about $30.6 million. Prior to the occupation of Iraq by the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003, mine action only took place in northern Iraq. The Iraq Mine Action Program, under the jurisdiction of the United Nations, was funded entirely through the UN Oil for Food Program, which closed in November 2003. Two key mine action NGOs, Mines Advisory Group and Norwegian People’s Aid, received funds apart from the UN program. It is estimated that funding for mine action in Iraq has totaled $166 million, including $111 million for northern Iraq from 1993 to 2002, plus $55 million for the entire country in 2003. Funding for the review period, 1999-2003, amounted to an estimated $149 million.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In 2003, 11 governments, the EC, and NATO provided about $10.4 million for mine action in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a decrease of $5.4 million from the previous year. Landmine Monitor estimates mine action funding totaled $129 million from 1995-2003, including $82 million from 1999 to 2003.

Angola

In 2003, 17 countries and the EC reported contributions to mine action in Angola totaling approximately $21.3 million, roughly the same as in 2002, when 15 donors reported contributions totaling approximately $21.2 million. The EC is also providing $11.3 million to fund an emergency mine action program for sustainable return and resettlement of Angolan refugees. Mine action funding for Angola totaled an estimated $113 million from 1993-2003, including $84 million from 1999-2003.

Kosovo

Landmine Monitor estimates mine action donations in 2003 for Kosovo totaled $2.2 million. In 2002, mine action funding totaled $1.4 million. In December 2001, the UN declared Kosovo was mine-free. A Praxis/UNMAS evaluation estimated funding from mid-1999 to 2001 at $85 million.

Laos

Ten donor governments and the EC contributed about $5.3 million to mine action in Laos in 2003, which was $2.7 million less than in 2002. Landmine Monitor estimates that mine action funding for Laos totaled more than $54 million from 1994 to 2003, including $36 million from 1999-2003.

Eritrea

Since the end of its border conflict with Ethiopia in June 2000, and its accession to the Mine Ban Treaty in August 2001, Eritrea has received significant amounts of mine action assistance. Eight donors provided about $6.9 million for mine action in Eritrea in 2003, down from $11.1 million from 11 donors in 2002, and $8.4 million in 2001. Total mine action funding for Eritrea from 1994 to 2003 is estimated at approximately $39 million, including at least $27 million from 1999-2003.

Vietnam

In 2003, three donors reported providing a total of $4.3 million for mine action in Vietnam, a huge decrease from the 2002 level of $17.7 million, which included a $12 million grant from Japan. According to reports from contributing countries, more than $35 million has been provided or pledged in recent years.

Croatia

Croatia has paid for most of its mine action costs from the State budget and other domestic sources. Croatia reports that it has provided $116 million to mine action since 1999. In 2003, CROMAC recorded foreign donations totaling $5.5 million, although donor reports indicate contributions of about $3.6 million from ten countries and the EC. Landmine Monitor estimates international contributions to mine action in Croatia to be at least $33.4 million from 1994 to 2003, including at least $26.7 million from 1999-2003.

Lebanon

Mine action funding and activities in Lebanon increased greatly after the Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon in 2000. Landmine Monitor has identified $6.6 million in mine action funding from seven major donors in 2003, compared to $6.9 million from eight donors in 2002, $12.6 million from 13 donors in 2001, and nearly $6 million in 2000. In 2001, the United Arab Emirates pledged up to $50 million to redevelop South Lebanon, including funds for mine action. The UAE has not reported how much has been spent on mine action, other than $2.5 million through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund in 2002 and 2003. Thus, the $29.6 million in identified donor funding for mine action in Lebanon since 2000 is likely far from a complete total.

Sri Lanka

Since the cease-fire took effect in February 2002, significant amounts of mine action funding have been provided to Sri Lanka. Thirteen donors contributed about $15.8 million in 2003, compared to about $6 million from 11 donors in 2002. Mine action projects were mostly suspended in 2000 and 2001.

Other Mine Action Recipients:

• Sudan: In 2003, eight donor governments and the EC provided about $9.5 million for mine action in Sudan. This compares to $5.1 million in 2002 and $2.2 million in 2001. There was little international funding prior to 2001.
• Nicaragua: In 2003, Nicaragua received about $5.3 million in mine action funding from eleven countries and the EC. In 2002, eight donors reported providing about $5.9 million.
• Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan reports receiving approximately $5.3 million in mine action funding in 2003, and $4.2 million in 2002. Landmine Monitor recorded mine action funding totaling $5.5 million in 2001 and $2.4 million in previous years.
• DR Congo: Landmine Monitor has identified about $3.8 million in funding for mine action in the DRC in 2003.
• Yemen: In 2003, international donors contributed at least $3.6 million to the Yemen Mine Action Program, down from $5.6 million in 2002 and $4 million in 2001. International donors contributed approximately $18.6 million from 1999 to 2003.
• Albania: Landmine Monitor estimates that approximately $3.6 million was provided for mine action in Albania in 2003, up from $2.8 million in 2002. Mine action funding totaled $2.2 million in 2001 and $1.8 million in 2000.
• Ethiopia: In 2003, Landmine Monitor received reports that five donors provided about $2.5 million for mine action in Ethiopia, compared to about $5.2 million in 2002.
• Serbia and Montenegro: In 2003, the ITF allocated nearly $2.4 million for mine action in Serbia and Montenegro, excluding the UN-administered province of Kosovo, a very large increase from about $299,000 in 2002 and $31,000 in 2001, when ITF support began.
• Somaliland: Landmine Monitor recorded $2.1 million for mine action in Somaliland in 2003, compared to $5.6 million in 2002, $4.4 million in 2001, $4.5 million in 2000, $6.6 million in 1999 and $546,000 in 1998.
• Thailand: International donations to mine action in Thailand in 2003 totaled about $1.2 million.
• Abkhazia (Georgia): Donations for mine action in Abkhazia in 2003 totaled an estimated $1.4 million.
• Chad: Three donors reported providing about $1.2 million in mine action funding to Chad in 2003, compared to $1.3 million in 2002, $1.9 million in 2001, $8 million in 2000, and $4.9 million in 1999.
• Jordan: Three donors reported providing $1.1 million to mine action in Jordan in 2003, compared to $1.1 million in 2002 and $1.6 million in 2001. In August 2004, Jordan reported that since 1996, it has received $9.6 million in mine action assistance.
• Guinea-Bissau: In 2003, four donors provided an estimated $1.2 million for mine action in Guinea-Bissau.
• OAS Member States: The OAS mine action program, Comprehensive Action against Antipersonnel Mines (or AICMA by its Spanish acronym), has conducted mine action activities in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru. It received contributions totaling $8.2 million in 2003 and the first quarter of 2004. Funding for totaled $3.95 million in 2002, and $4.7 million in 2001. Contributions from 1992 to 2002 totaled $31.3 million.

Funding for mine action in each of the following countries totaled less than $1 million in 2003: Armenia, Benin, Burma, Burundi, Chile, Colombia, Djibouti, Ecuador, Estonia, Georgia, Guatemala, FYR Macedonia, Mauritania, Namibia, Pakistan, Peru, the Republic of Congo, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Uganda, and Ukraine.

[1] In some cases, donors are not reporting for the calendar year 2003. Among the countries reporting for different fiscal years are the US (October 2002-September 2003), Japan (March 2003-February 2004), Canada (April 2003-March 2004), UK (April 2003- April 2004), and Australia (July 2003-June 2004).

[2] For example, with respect to the Euro, Landmine Monitor has used these average rates: in 2003, €1=$1.13; in 2002, €1=$0.95; in 2001, €1=$0.90. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 2 January 2004.

[3] Mine Ban Treaty Resource Mobilization Contact Group, “A review of resources to achieve the Convention’s Aims,” Presented by Norway to the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, 25 June 2004. The countries reporting the largest contributions included Croatia ($90.5 million), Jordan ($35.1 million), Nicaragua ($15.6 million), Yemen ($9 million), Colombia ($8.5 million), Mozambique ($4.6 million), Thailand ($3.6 million), Chad ($3.5 million), Serbia and Montenegro ($3.5 million), and Peru ($3.4 million).

[4] Others with increased mine action funding were Ireland (up 18 percent), Finland (17 percent), New Zealand (14 percent), and Switzerland (6 percent). Switzerland only provided figures in US dollars.

[5] Others with decreased mine action funding were Denmark (6 percent), Germany (4 percent), United Kingdom (2 percent) and Norway (0.25 percent). The Netherlands only provided figures in US dollars.

[6] Includes contributions from the Czech Republic, Slovenia, United Arab Emirates, and ten smaller donors.

[7] Includes China ($6.2 million), Luxembourg ($3.8 million), Saudi Arabia ($3 million), Slovenia ($3 million), Iceland ($1.3 million), South Korea ($1 million), and $2 million for other donors such as Brazil, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa, and more. The total also includes $2.5 million provided by the United Arab Emirates for Lebanon through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund in 2002 and 2003, but does not include the unknown bilateral contribution as part of the UAE’s $50 million pledge for mine action in and re-development of South Lebanon.

[8] Figures for years prior to 2003 are taken from the Executive Summary of Landmine Monitor Report 2003, although in some cases, corrections to earlier years have been received. In most but not all instances, the figures for earlier years are calculated at the exchange rates for those years.

[9] All amounts are expressed in US dollars. This data was collated following an analysis by Landmine Monitor of Form J attachments to Article 7 reports, the audited accounts of the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action and the ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled, information provided by the International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF), USAID, “Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund: 2004 Portfolio Synopsis,” p. 74, and other relevant data provided to Landmine Monitor. Full details are available on request.

[10] Contributions to mine victim assistance from the European Commission in 1999 and 2003 are included in these calculations.

[11] It should be noted that ICRC financial accounts are based on a calendar year whereas some donors have different fiscal years. In some instances, reported contributions are not reflected in the figures presented in the ICRC analysis due to timing differences.

[12] ICRC Special Appeal Mine Action 1999-2003. Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG Auditor’s Report “Assistance for Mine Victims: Auditor’s report on supplementary information on the Special Appeal” for the years ended 31 December 1999, 31 December 2000, 31 December 2001, 31 December 2002, and 31 December 2003. Exchange rates used are taken for the US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 2 January 2004 and 31 December 2002: for 2003 US$1 = CHF 1.3454; US$1 = CHF1.5567 for 2002; US$1 = CHF1.6891 for 2001; US$1 = CHF 1.6904 for 2000; and US$1 = CHF 1.5045 for 1999. Only the portion of contributions relating to mine victim assistance activities has been included in the total funding provided by donors.

[13] ICRC Special Appeal Mine Action 1999-2003. Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG Auditor’s Report “Assistance for Mine Victims: Auditor’s report on supplementary information on the Special Appeal” for the years ended 31 December 1999, 31 December 2000, 31 December 2001, 31 December 2002, and 31 December 2003. Exchange rates used are taken for the US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 2 January 2004 and 31 December 2002: for 2003 US$1 = CHF 1.3454; US$1 = CHF1.5567 for 2002; US$1 = CHF1.6891 for 2001; US$1 = CHF 1.6904 for 2000; and US$1 = CHF 1.5045 for 1999.

[14] Email from Sabina Beber, Head of International Relations, ITF, 13 May 2004; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 445.

[15] International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance, “Annual Report 2002,” p. 19.

[16] Others included the DR Congo ($3.8 million), Yemen ($3.63 million), Albania ($3.6 million), Ethiopia ($2.5 million), Kosovo ($2.2 million), Somaliland ($2.1 million), Georgia ($1.4 million), Guinea-Bissau ($1.2 million), Thailand ($1.2 million), Chad ($1.2 million), and Jordan ($1.1 million).