Summary

Non-signatory Algeria views the Convention on Cluster Munitions favorably but has not taken any steps to accede to it. Algeria last participated in a meeting of the convention in 2015, where it expressed firm opposition to cluster munitions. Algeria has voted in favor of key annual United Nations (UN) resolutions promoting the convention, most recently in December 2021.

Algeria is not known to have used, produced, or exported cluster munitions, but it is reported to possess a stockpile.

Policy

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria has not yet acceded to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Algeria regards the convention banning cluster munitions favorably, but has not taken any steps to join. In March 2019, an Algerian official told the Monitor that the government’s position on joining the convention had not changed.[1] In 2015, Algeria told States Parties that the convention “provides a useful international norm to the global regime on disarmament.”[2]

Algeria participated in several meetings of the Oslo Process, but did not attend the Dublin negotiations in May 2008 or the Oslo Signing Conference in December later that year.[3] At the Vienna conference in December 2007, Algeria described cluster munitions as “evil weapons” requiring urgent action through “a legally binding instrument.”[4]

According to a United States (US) Department of State cable released by Wikileaks in 2011, US officials met with Algeria’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in February 2008 and urged Algeria to avoid the adoption of a convention “that would interfere with cooperation efforts aimed at non-state parties.”[5]

Over the past decade, Algerian officials have raised national security concerns in response to requests to join the convention as well as the need for neighboring countries to join.[6] Algeria’s direct neighbors Mali and Tunisia are States Parties to the convention, while Libya is not.

Algeria participated as an observer in the convention’s First Review Conference in 2015 and attended an international meeting of the convention in 2010. This marks its only participation to date in the work of the convention. Algeria was invited to, but did not attend, the convention’s Second Review Conference in November 2020 and September 2021, or its intersessional meetings in May 2022.

Nonetheless, Algeria voted in favor of a key United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution in December 2021, which urged states outside the Convention on Cluster Munitions to “join as soon as possible.”[7] Algeria has voted in favor of the annual UNGA resolution promoting the convention since 2016, after abstaining from the vote in 2015 when the resolution was first introduced.

Algeria is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is also party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW).

Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling

Algeria is not known to have used, produced, or exported cluster munitions.

Algeria has imported cluster munitions and possesses a stockpile. Jane’s Information Group reported in 2004 that KMGU dispensers that deploy submunitions were in service for aircraft of the Algerian Air Force.[8] Algeria also possesses surface-launched Grad 122mm, Uragan 220mm, and Smerch 300mm rockets, but it is not known if they include cluster munition variants.[9]

Policy

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997, ratified it on 9 October 2001, and became a State Party on 1 April 2002. Algeria believes that existing national laws, including the penal code, are sufficient to deal with implementation and any violations of the Mine Ban Treaty.[1]

Algeria has attended most Meetings of States Parties, including the Third Review Conference in Maputo in June 2014. More recently Algeria attended the Seventeenth Meeting of States Parties in Geneva in November 2018 and the intersessional meetings in May 2019. Algeria has served on the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration (2012), the Committee on Cooperative Compliance (2015), and the Committee on the Enhancement of Cooperation (2017). Algeria served as president of the Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties in 2013, as well as vice president in 2012, 2016, and 2018. Algeria has submitted its Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 transparency report every year, most recently in 2019.

Algeria is party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), but is not party to Amended Protocol II on landmines or Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. Algeria is not party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Production, transfer, use, and stockpile destruction

Algeria has never produced or exported antipersonnel mines. Algeria has reported importing mines and explosives from Italy, France, Yugoslavia, the United Kingdom, and China.[2] On 21 November 2005, Algeria completed the destruction of its stockpile of 150,050 antipersonnel mines.

In May 2010, Algeria wrote to the Monitor that no additional stockpiles of mines belonging to the armed forces had been discovered after completion of its stockpile destruction program.[3] Algeria’s previous Article 7 reports indicated that small numbers of antipersonnel mines were discovered by citizens or security personnel each year.[4] However, Algeria has not reported any new seizures of antipersonnel mines since February 2010. From 2006 to early 2010, Algeria revealed that it had seized a total of 3,119 antipersonnel mines which had been harvested from existing mined areas and used for illegal purposes.[5]

Mines retained for training

Algeria initially decided to retain 15,030 antipersonnel mines upon the completion of the destruction of its stockpile. After consuming just 90 mines in training, it announced in late 2008 that it would reduce the number of mines retained to a level of 6,000.[6] On 18 September 2017, Algeria destroyed the 5,970 antipersonnel mines it retained for training purposes after completing its landmine clearance program.[7]

Contaminated by: improvised mines and other unexploded ordnance (UXO).

Article 5 deadline: 1 April 2017
(Clearance declared complete)

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria submitted a Declaration of Fulfilment of Article 5 on 10 February 2017. Algeria reported the release of 28.1km² of land in 2016[1] but has not clarified how much was clearance and how much was released by other means. Demining operations during 2016 destroyed 62,589 antipersonnel mines and 225 antivehicle mines.

Contamination

Algeria was affected by antipersonnel mines as a result of World War II, the French colonial occupation, and the insurgency of the 1990s. During Algeria’s struggle for independence, mines were laid by the French along the Challe and Morice lines on the eastern and western borders of the country. Algeria estimated that more than 10 million mines were laid.[2] Some 80% were blast mines, while most of the remainder were fragmentation mines.[3]

In clearance between 1963 and 1988, some 500km² of mined area was cleared with the destruction of more than 7.8 million antipersonnel mines. A second clearance phase began in November 2004, which resulted in the destruction of 850,000 mines; a further 159,000 stockpiled mines were destroyed.[4] As of April 2016, clearance had reduced contamination to two contaminated provinces (wilaya), Guelma and Nâama. Clearance in Nâama was completed by July 2016.[5] Clearance of known mined areas in Guelma was completed on 1 December 2016.[6]

Occasionally, “isolated” antipersonnel mines have been found outside known mined areas. In addition, the north of the country is said to be contaminated by an unknown number of improvised mines and other explosive items laid by insurgent groups.[7] In the first half of 2017, Algerian police reported seizing 121 landmines from groups linked to terrorism or arms smuggling.[8]

Programme Management

The Interministerial Committee on the Implementation of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, set up by presidential decree in 2003, is the governmental focal point for all mine action activities in Algeria.

Operators

All demining in Algeria has been carried out manually by the Algerian army.

Land Release

Clearance in 2016

As in previous years, Algeria has not reported clearly on the size of areas cleared in 2016. Demining operations during 2016 destroyed 62,589 antipersonnel mines and 225 antivehicle mines.[9] This included 599 colonial-era antipersonnel mines found outside known mined areas.[10]

In its formal declaration of compliance with Mine Ban Treaty Article 5, Algeria reported the release of 28.1km² of land in 2016[11] but has not clarified how much was clearance and how much was released by other means. Its Article 7 transparency report suggests an even higher figure of 29.65km².

In addition to mined areas laid by France in the colonial era, clearance in 2016 addressed four further mined areas in Tindouf province, close to the borders with Mauritania, Morocco, and Western Sahara. One area at Meksem El Dahma (5,000m²) involved destruction of 102 antipersonnel mines and 37 antivehicle mines; a second at Oum El Achar (882m²) involved 20 antipersonnel mines and 2 antivehicle mines; and two areas in El Bêtina, one of 64,000m² and the other of 4,800m², involved the destruction of a further 6,566 antipersonnel mines and 186 antivehicle mines. Clearance of the latter three areas was completed on 16 December 2016.[12]

Article 5 Compliance

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, and in accordance with the five-year extension granted by States Parties in 2011, Algeria was required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 April 2017.

Algeria’s accelerated pace of demining in 2015 and 2016 led it to complete clearance before the end of December 2016, in advance of its extended deadline. Algeria submitted a Declaration of Fulfilment of Article 5 on 10 February 2017.[13]

Algeria systematically funded its mine action program through its own resources. Algeria has indicated that the specialized army and police units remain ready to destroy any further mines that are reported or discovered.[14]

The Monitor acknowledges the contributions of the Mine Action Review (www.mineactionreview.org), which has conducted the mine action research in 2017, including on survey and clearance, and shared all its resulting landmine and cluster munition reports with the Monitor. The Monitor is responsible for the findings presented online and in its print publications.

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria has estimated that more than 10 million landmines were laid along its eastern border with Tunisia and its western border with Morocco.[1] In its most recent Article 7 transparency report, submitted in May 2015, Algeria reported that mine contamination remains in 17 mined areas located in six wilayas in the northwest and east of the country.[2] All demining operations in Algeria are carried out by the army.

Algeria does not receive international support for its mine action program and it has never provided details of its funding needs, expenditure, or cost estimates from its national or military budget for clearance operations or victim assistance.

Casualties in 2017 – details

In 2017, the Monitor identified 20 new casualties. This represents a significant increase from seven casualties reported for 2016. Eight children were killed by the explosion of an explosive remnant of war (ERW) in a single incident. Nine of the casualties were caused by unspecified mines.[2]

Casualty trends – overall trends, demographics. and device types

In 2016, the Monitor identified seven casualties from victim-activated IEDs (improvised mines) in the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, including four civilians and three military personnel.[3] Although it is a significant decrease from 2015, when 36 casualties from improvised mines were identified, it is likely that other incidents went unreported. The lack of a central data collection mechanism and annual casualty rate fluctuations in recent years make it difficult to identify trends.[4] Due to this lack of official data collection, the total number of casualties was likely higher. Casualty data was gathered from media reports.

*Total casualties –details

The total number of mine casualties in Algeria is unknown. As of March 2011, there were 2,325 mine survivors, as well as 439 widows and 739 descendants of victims killed in mine incidents registered with the Ministry of the Mujahidin.[5] In October 2009, it was reported in the media that there had been at least 6,762 mine casualties since 1962 (3,236 killed; 3,526 injured).[6] No information was available on casualties caused by ERW. The total of 7,110 casualties reported by the Monitor represents this October 2009 figure plus the 348 mine/ERW casualties (87 killed and 261 injured) identified in 2009–2017.

Action points based on findings

• Develop central data collection mechanisms on casualties and the needs of victims to improve planning of victim assistance.
• Formally endorse and implement the victim assistance action plan, developed in collaboration with NGOs and mine survivors.
• Ensure that all victims are registered and therefore able to receive pensions and other benefits; approximately 42% of all victims were unregistered.

Victim assistance commitments

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria is responsible for a significant number of survivors of landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) who are in need. Algeria has made commitments to provide victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty.

Algeria ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on 4 December 2009.

Victim Assistance

Based on casualty data gathered by the Monitor, it is estimated that, as of 31 December 2016, there had been 3,775 injuredmine/ERW survivors in Algeria. In October 2009, it was reported that there were at least 3,551 mine survivors.[1] By March 2011, there were 2,325 registered mine survivors in Algeria.[2]

Victim assistance since 2015

A new Victim Assistance Action Plan was finalized in March 2014, following a survivor identification process conducted by Handicap International (HI).[3] Improvements in the accessibility of services and renewed interest from public authorities to make services more accessible to persons with disabilities were noticeable throughout 2015.[4] In particular, improvements were noticed in access to education and in the health sector, and in access to rehabilitation care and to benefits for mine/ERW survivors.[5] All registered victims, including survivors as well as the family members of those killed by mines, are entitled to benefits through the ministries of mujahidin, national solidarity, and health. These benefits include healthcare and pensions.[6] Civilian mine/ERW victims also have access to rehabilitation services provided at institutions dedicated to former combatants.[7]

Victim assistance in 2016

Assessing victim assistance needs

No needs assessment or survey for mine/ERW survivors has been reported since 2012.

A survey on disability was launched in 2014 by the National Study and Analysis Center (CENEAP). This survey aimed to build a long-term vision of the structures and training needed for improved assistance to persons with disabilities in Algeria.[8]

Victim assistance coordination[9]

The Interministerial Committee coordinates victim assistance in cooperation with the ministries of mujahidin, national solidarity, and of the interior.[10] No victim assistance coordination meetings were reported since 2014.

Algeria submitted its Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report for calendar year 2016, which includes information on victim assistance.[11]

Inclusion and participation in victim assistance

Survivors were involved in non-governmental coordination on victim assistance and activities including: data collection on new victims; orientation and referrals of victims and persons with disabilities towards available services; economic inclusion projects; and psychological support to survivors and their families.[12]

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities in 2016

In 2016, mine/ERW survivors as well as other persons with disabilities continued to have access to most orthopaedic and assistive devices free-of-charge, while the National Employee Social Insurance Fund (Caisse Nationale des Assurances Sociales des Travailleurs Salariés, CNAS) covered 80% of the costs of smaller prosthetic devices and audio-equipment.[13] Prosthetics users are eligible for prosthetic renewal every three years.[14]

Algerian authorities have taken ongoing steps to reduce the administrative and bureaucratic barriers for persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW victims, to improve access to social services and financial support and, in particular, to transport and education by opening a specific desk for vulnerable persons at the offices of the Directorate of Social Action and Solidarity (Direction de l'action sociale et de solidarité, DASS) in all wilayas.[15]

HI implemented programs to facilitate inclusive public policy dialogue between the associations working in the disability field, civil society organizations, and public authorities.[16] HI also implemented a project on inclusive education in Setif and Tizi Ouzou to improve access to quality education for children with disabilities.[17]

Legislation prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, in education, in access to healthcare, and in the provision of other state services. However, the law was not effectively enforced in 2016 and there was widespread societal discrimination against persons with disabilities. Few government buildings were accessible to persons with disabilities.[18] Overall, infrastructures and transports were not accessible to persons with disabilities, which was an impediment to their socio-economic inclusion. Change is however occurring, thanks to the collaboration of public entities and associations. The “accessible city” initiative (commune accessible) launched in April 2017 in four pilot cities (Constantine, Oran, Algiers, and Ghardaïa).[19]

In April 2014, the Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Status of Women established the National Council of Disabled Persons in response to a 2006 presidential decree. It serves as a consultative organ to study problems, such as accessibility for persons with disabilities, including mine/ERW survivors.[20] In 2016, the ministry provided some financial support to healthcare-oriented NGOs, but for many NGOs such financial support represented a small fraction of their budgets.[21]

In 2015, Algeria acceded to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.[22]