As in previous years, tracking financial support for mine action remains difficult. There continues to be a great deal of variation in what donors report on, the level of detail reported, and for what time period, despite greater transparency and better reporting mechanisms.^[1] However, drawing from Landmine Monitor research it is still possible to provide an informative picture of the global funding situation.

For 2004, Landmine Monitor has identified US$399 million in mine action funding by more than 27 donors.^[2] This is an increase of $60 million, or 18 percent, from 2003, and an increase of $75 million, or 23 percent, from 2002. It should be noted that the bigger totals for mine action funding for the past three years as expressed in US dollars in part reflect the increasingly favorable exchange rates for many donors.^[3]

As before, Landmine Monitor has not included funds for research and development (R&D) into demining technologies and equipment in these totals, and has instead listed available R&D funding separately. Only nine donors—Belgium, Canada, France, the European Commission, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States—have reported precise R&D funding for 2004. Together they spent some $29.1 million—an increase of 15 percent from the $25.3 million total recorded by Landmine Monitor for 2003.

Research and development funds aside, these figures likely under-state global donor mine action funding to a significant degree, for a number of reasons. Funding for victim assistance programs is included where possible, but for some major donors landmine victim assistance funding cannot be separated out from other non-landmine-specific programs. In some cases, donors do not report the value of in-kind (as opposed to cash) contributions. The totals also do not reflect mine action funding provided by NGOs or the private sector.

Apart from international donor funding, the mine-affected countries themselves have made significant contributions to mine action. Following are some examples of contributions by mine-affected countries in 2004, drawn from this year’s Landmine Monitor country reports. The government of Croatia contributed KN183.8 million ($30.4 million) to mine action, 58 percent of its total mine action costs. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, national sources (including the Council of Ministers, entity governments and cantons) provided KM15.4 million ($9.8 million), or more than one-third of mine action funding. Mozambique provided 178 billion Meticais (US$7.9 million, partly in-kind and tax-exemptions) for mine action. The government of Ethiopia expended some ETB 35 million ($4 million) on mine clearance. The government of Yemen contributed $3.5 million to the national mine action program. The government of Thailand contributed Baht 38.3 million (US$957,500) to the national mine action center.^[4] The Colombian government approved COP 2.5 billion (about $934,100) for the national mine action program for the period July 2004 to June 2005, and a similar amount the previous year. Together, these seven countries contributed about $57.5 million to mine action in 2004. In addition, the Iraqi government is reportedly investing $20 million in its mine action program, but it is not clear what time period this expenditure covers. Many of the mine-affected States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty previously reported national mine action contributions totaling $190 million from 1997-2003.^[5]

Even greater increases in mine action funding will be needed in the future to cope fully with the global landmine problem and to enable Mine Ban Treaty States Parties to meet their 10-year deadlines for mine clearance. Under the Nairobi Action Plan 2005-2009, States Parties agreed they will ensure the sustainability of their commitments, including providing where possible multi-year funding to facilitate long-term planning of mine action and victim assistance programs (Action #45); they agreed, where relevant, to urge the UN, regional organizations and the World Bank and regional development banks and financial institutions to support States Parties requiring assistance in fulfilling their treaty obligations (Action #48); and they agreed to pursue efforts to identify new and non-traditional sources of support, be they technical, material or financial (Action #50).^[6]

Contributions in 2004

Of the 20 most significant donors, half increased their mine action contributions in 2004 in terms of national currency, and half provided less.^[7] Those with increases were: Austria (200 percent), Japan (191 percent), New Zealand (135 percent), the Netherlands (60 percent), Switzerland (24 percent),^[8] Ireland (20 percent), the United States (20 percent), Norway (14 percent), Denmark (5 percent) and the European Commission (0.7 percent). Donors with decreases in contributions to mine action in 2004 included Greece (57 percent), Italy (51 percent), United Kingdom (33 percent), France (32 percent), Germany (23 percent), Sweden (19 percent), Belgium (16 percent), Finland (14 percent), Australia (12 percent) and Canada (4 percent).

The United States was once again the largest individual country donor to mine action. It contributed a total of $96.5 million in fiscal year 2004 to humanitarian mine action programs in 31 countries, including $35.8 million provided for Iraq.

Donors that significantly increased their contribution in terms of US dollars include Japan ($29.8 million), the United States ($15.9 million), the Netherlands ($7.2 million), the European Commission ($6.9 million) and Norway ($5.7 million). The upward distortion of donor contributions when expressed in US dollars, caused by the falling value of the US dollar in 2004, is evident in the case of the European Commission (EC). In US dollar terms, the EC contribution increased by 10.7 percent while in Euros the contribution rose by just 0.7 percent.

In terms of mine action contributions per capita (relative to the national population), the largest country donors were: Norway, by far the greatest contributor, providing $7.49 per capita; Denmark $2.54 per capita, and Luxembourg $1.72 per capita. Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Finland also had mine action contributions in excess of $1 per capita.

It should be noted that the mine action funding totals compiled by Landmine Monitor for individual years 2002, 2003 and 2004 do not include the $50 million contributed by the United Arab Emirates, through UNMAS, to mine action in Lebanon from 2002-2004. It is unclear how much of this total was spent in each year; however, this is included in the 1992-2004 total.

Reported Mine Acton Funding by Year

Note: Does not include funding for research and development

Donor Mine Action Funding Identified for 2004: $399 Million^[10]

Note: Does not include funding for research and development

Donor Mine Action Funding Reported 1992-2004: $2.5 billion

Note: Does not include funding for research and development

Per Capita Mine Action Funding in 2004^[13]

Note: Does not include funding for research and development

Mine Action Donors

Unless otherwise noted, figures are in US dollars.^[14] Figures include victim assistance funding, where known. Figures do not include funds for research and development, which are identified separately.

United States of America - $626.4 million

• Figures do not include mine victim assistance funding; however, funding for war victims programs totaled an additional $11.9 million in fiscal year 2004.
• R&D totaled $12.8 million in fiscal year 2004, $12.6 million in fiscal year 2003, and $133 million for fiscal years 1995-2004
• See United States country report for more details on US mine action funding.

European Commission - $376.1 million

• Figures do not include additional mine action funding by individual European Union Member States. R&D totaled €460,000 ($572,148) in 2004, €10,000 in 2003, and €50 million from 1992-2004.
• See European Commission appendix for more details on EC mine action funding.

Norway - $219.1 million

• R&D totaled NOK2,250,000 ($333,833) in 2004; previous Norwegian expenditures on R&D are not known.

Norway was by far the largest per capita donor to mine action in 2004. Norway increased its mine action funding to NOK 231,187,806 ($34.3 million), its highest level ever, and a significant increase from NOK 202.4 million ($28.57 million) in 2003.^[17] Norway provided about NOK 137.2 million ($20.4 million) to mine clearance and related activities for 16 countries, including demining, capacity building, rapid assessment, a technical advisor, and a mine dog detection training center. It provided funding to Mauritania for the first time. Countries or regions receiving significantly increased funding included Angola, Central America, Croatia, Jordan, Sri Lanka and Sudan. Funding decreased for Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq and Mozambique. Victim assistance support totaled more than NOK 43 million ($6.4 million), almost 20 percent of Norway’s mine action funding; it benefited programs in Afghanistan, Iraq and Lebanon, as well as to the following organizations: Landmine Survivors Network, Tromsø Victim Resource Center, Handicap International and the ICRC Special Appeal.

Japan - $178 million

• R&D totaled ¥795 million ($7.35 million) in 2004, ¥720 million ($5.9 million) in 2003, and ¥1,555 ($13.6 million) from 1999 to 2004.

In 2004, Japan contributed ¥4,630 million ($42.8 million) to mine action.^[18] This is Japan’s second largest annual mine action funding contribution to date and is nearly three times the ¥1,590 million provided in 2003. Funding to mine clearance projects rose significantly, at 81 percent (¥3,747 million) of the total contribution in 2004 compared to 65 percent (¥1,494 million) in 2003. Japan allocated just over 1 percent (¥53.3 million - $492,843) of its funding to mine victim assistance in 2004, all of which went to Yemen. Japan did not make an allocation to victim assistance in 2003. Japan contributed funding to 11 countries, UNMAS and the OAS in 2004. Japan made an exceptional mine action contribution of ¥1,761 million ($16.3 million) as part of its total funding to Cambodia in 2004.

United Kingdom - $148.8 million

• Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
• R&D totaled £1,066,332 ($1.95 million) in 2004-2005, £1.5 million ($2.5 million) in 2003-2004, and £7 million ($11.1 million) from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005.

The United Kingdom contributed £8,339,080 ($15.3 million) to mine action activities during its fiscal year 2004-2005, a decrease of 33 percent from £12.3 million in 2003-2004.^[19] The UK provided funds for six countries, as well as Kosovo and Somaliland. Funds for mine clearance totaled some $5.1 million in 2004-2005, compared to an estimated $14.1 million in 2003-2004. The UK did not provide any funds for mine action in Iraq in 2004-2005, compared to $8.5 million in 2003-2004. The UK continued its core funding support for UNMAS, UNDP and UNICEF. The UK Ministry of Defence provided $554,992 to the Handicap International Phoenix Programme in 2004-2005.

Canada - $127.6 million^[20]

• R&D totaled C$3,132,600 ($2.4 million) in 2004, C$2.8 million ($2 million) in 2003, and US$13.5 million from 1998-2004.

In FY 2004/2005, Canada’s mine action funding declined slightly from C$30.8 million ($22.5 million) to C$29,474,658 ($22,643,224).^[21] This was Canada’s second highest mine action funding total. Canada provided funding to 36 countries (two less than the previous year) and areas, as well as regional bodies, UN agencies, NGOs and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. In FY2004/2005 Canada increased its support to mine risk education (from $625,109 to $1.14 million), victim assistance (from $463,312 to $2.01 million), and advocacy, prevention and stockpile destruction (from $1.91 million to $2.98 million).^[22] In FY 2004/2005, Canada decreased its support to mine clearance, including demining (from $4.19 million to $3.5 million), coordination (from $4.54 million to $2.87 million), and information including surveys (from $869,820 to $212,722).

Germany - $122.9 million

• R&D totaled €102,989 ($128,098) in 2004, and $5.1 million from 1993-1999; no figures are available for 2000-2003.

Germany’s funding for mine action activities was approximately €15 million ($18.7 million) in 2004,^[23] a decrease from €19.5 million ($22.1 million) in 2003. Germany’s contributions benefited 19 countries in 2004, compared to 15 in 2003, in every region but the Americas. Most of the funding was devoted to mine clearance activities. Germany did not provide funding to the GICHD in 2003, but in 2004 provided $301,579.

Sweden - $114.9 million

• Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
• Sweden has in the past funded a number of R&D programs (approximately $24 million 1994-1999 and $1.7 million in 2003), but the total value for 2004 is not known.

In 2004, Sweden’s funding of mine action decreased from SEK 102.9 million ($12.7 million) to SEK 83,475,664 ($11.4 million).^[24] This included new mine clearance funding for Somalia (SEK 9.5 million) and Sudan (SEK 3.8 million), and increased funding for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SEK 5.0 million up from SEK 1.9 million) and Sri Lanka (SEK 6 million up from SEK 4 million). Mine action funding significantly decreased for Afghanistan (SEK 4.05 million from SEK 14 million), Cambodia (SEK 12 million from SEK 16 million), Eritrea (SEK 3.4 million from SEK 4.4 million), Iraq (SEK 10 million from SEK 26 million) and Mozambique (SEK 3.0 million from SEK 8.0 million). Funding for Angola and Nicaragua remained basically at the same levels as last year.

The Netherlands - $114.6 million^[25]

• Figures include some but not all victim assistance funding.

The Netherlands contributed €15,494,919 ($19.3 million) to mine action activities in 2004, compared to $12.1 million in 2003. Approximately $12.2 million of the 2004 contribution was designated for mine clearance in 14 countries.^[26] The Netherlands provided $435,330 for victim assistance in 2004.

Denmark - $98.5 million

• Figures for 1992-1995 do not include bilateral contributions.
• Denmark has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not known.

Denmark’s contribution to mine action activities increased to approximately DKK 82.3 million ($13.8 million) in 2004^[27] from some DKK 78.6 million ($12 million) in 2003. The bulk of Denmark’s funding was provided through Danish NGOs. Danish funding benefited nine countries in 2004, as it had in 2003, including Afghanistan, Angola, Iraq, Mozambique and Sri Lanka. Denmark’s contributions were primarily for mine clearance, and advocacy and prevention activities.

Switzerland - $67.8 million

• Funding for victim assistance is not included in these figures because it is integrated into other funding for victims of war, post-conflict reconstruction and long-term development.
• The totals include $6.1 million for the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining in 2004, $5.3 million in 2003 and about $21.4 million from 2000-2004; most of which could be counted as R&D

Switzerland provided CHF 14,756,648 (approximately $10.9 million) for mine action activities in 2004, an increase of 24 percent from the $8.8 million provided in 2003.^[28] In addition to the GICHD, Swiss contributions benefited 15 countries in 2004, compared to 12 in 2003. Support for mine clearance increased to an estimated $3.1 million in 2004, from an estimated $2.4 million in 2003.

Australia - $65.8 million

• Australia has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not known.

Australia contributed A$7,246,585 ($5.3 million) to mine action activities for July 2004-June 2005, a decrease of 12 percent from A$8.2 million ($5.5 million) in fiscal year 2003/2004. According to information available to Landmine Monitor, Australia has exceeded its A$100 million 10-year funding pledge by about A$4 million. In FY 2004-2005, Australian contributions benefited three countries (Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam) in FY2004/2005, compared to five countries in 2003/2004 (Afghanistan and Laos, in addition to the three above).^[29]

Italy - $52 million

• Italy has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not known.

Italy contributed €2,539,500 ($3,158,630) to mine action activities in 2004, about half of its 2003 contribution (€5.1 million, $5.8 million). This large decrease is mainly due to Italy ending its donations for mine action in Iraq ($3.3 million in 2003). In 2004, Italian support for mine action in Eritrea also ended. Italy's contributions in 2004 continued at similar or slightly increased levels for mine action in Angola, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Sudan, Yemen, and to the OAS, GICHD and Geneva Call. In 2004, Italy started to contribute to mine action in Afghanistan. 

United Arab Emirates - $50 million

The United Arab Emirates has reported that it provided $50 million, through UNMAS, to mine action in Lebanon from 2002-2004 under Operation Emirates Solidarity.^[31] The year-by-year breakdown of expenditures is not available.

Finland - $46.2 million

See Finland country report for more details of Finland’s mine action funding.

Belgium - $27.5 million

• R&D totaled €1,090,215 ($1.36 million) in 2004, €475,000 ($538,000) in 2003, and $9.2 million from 1994-2004.

Belgium contributed €4,547,878 ($5,656,651) to mine action activities in 2004, a decrease of 17 percent from €5,517,595 ($6,243,159) contributed in 2003 (excluding R&D funding).  In 2004 Belgium contributed to mine action in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kosovo and Laos.  Belgium contributed some €331,000 to survivor assistance in Angola in 2003, but did not continue that support in 2004.  Contributions to Handicap International activities in the DR Congo declined to €1 million in 2004, from €3 million in 2003.  Belgian contributions in 2004 to mine action in Cambodia also dropped to approximately half the levels of 2003 (2004: €506,000; 2003: €960,000), with no funding of victim assistance in Cambodia in 2004.

France - $24.8 million

• France has devoted considerable funds to R&D, but value of the R&D relevant to humanitarian mine action is not known; in 2004, contributions totaled €1.4 million ($2.2 million).

France contributed €1,523,845 ($1.9 million) to mine action activities in 2004,^[34] a decrease of 32 percent from the €2.2 million ($2.5 million) provided in 2003, and a further decrease from the €3.8 million ($4.3 million) provided in 2002. French contributions benefited 15 countries in 2004, in comparison to five in 2003. France increased its support for victim assistance to $315,298 in 2004 (in Afghanistan, Angola, Iraq, Jordan and Sri Lanka) from $24,000 in 2003. French contributions to mine risk education programs decreased to $25,735 in 2004, from $475,230 in 2003.

Ireland - $14.1 million

Ireland provided €2,047,000 ($2.55 million) for mine clearance and related activities, compared to €1 million ($1.13 million) in 2003, and it provided €380,000 ($472,644) for mine risk education, compared to none in 2003. Victim assistance received no funds in 2004 compared to €385,000 in 2003.^[35]

Austria - $14 million

Austria increased its funding for mine action activities to €2.4 million ($3 million) in 2004, from €775,056 ($876,976) in 2003. This is its highest level of mine action funding ever, and more than three times last year’s level. Austrian support for mine clearance increased from $551,375 in 2003 to approximately $2.2 million in 2004.^[36] Support for the First Review Conference (governmental and nongovernmental) totaled some $61,692 in 2004. Austrian contributions benefited seven countries in 2004, in comparison with three countries in 2003.

New Zealand - $11.5 million

• New Zealand contributes to R&D programs, but the contribution has not been quantified.

New Zealand provided NZ$3,736,922 ($2.48 million) for mine action activities during its fiscal year July 2004/June 2005, more than doubling the NZ$1.59 million ($1.05 million) that it provided in FY 2003/2004.^[37] New Zealand continues to support mine action activities (clearance, victim assistance and MRE) in Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique and Sri Lanka.

Greece - $9.6 million

Greece contributed $2.4 million for mine clearance operations in Iraq and Lebanon, less than half its 2003 contribution of $5 million.

Other Mine Action Donors

Slovakia reported contributing $3.5 million as the in-kind contributions of the Slovak Armed Forces in demining operations in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2004.^[38]

Republic of Korea contributed $3.1 million to mine action in 2004, including $3 million for Iraq. In all previous years, the ROK gave a combined total of US$1.06 million for mine action, including $50,000 in 2003.

Spain provided €978,494 ($1.2 million) to mine action activities during 2004, a decrease of 9 percent from €1.07 million in 2003. Spanish contributions in 2004 included clearance in Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan, and training for Chilean and Spanish military at its International Demining Training Center.

Luxembourg provided $773,186 to mine action activities in 2004, a decrease from the approximately $1.8 million provided in 2003.^[39] The difference is mostly due to funding provided in 2003 to healthcare and disability projects of HI Luxembourg ($837,688) that was not repeated in 2004. Luxembourg’s contributions in 2004 benefited five countries in the Balkans (Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Southeast Asia (Laos and Cambodia). Funding was devoted to mine and UXO clearance, victim assistance, stockpile destruction, and mine risk education. R&D totaled €2,500 ($3,110) in 2004.

Slovenia reported contributing $433,861 to mine action through the International Trust Fund (ITF) in 2004, compared to $376,250 in 2003.

Czech Republic’s funding for mine action activities in 2004 totaled $189,234,^[40] down from $301,757 in 2003. It provided funds for the ITF, GICHD and the Implementation Support Unit.

Turkey contributed $100,000 to a mine action project in Azerbaijan, and army experts were sent to assist with the project.

States and Victim Assistance

States Parties at the First Review Conference reiterated the obligations in Article 6.3, that “Each State in a position to do so shall provide assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration, of mine victims,” stating that this “constitutes a vital promise for hundreds of thousands” of mine survivors. States Parties reasserted their collective commitment to providing external support for victim assistance in the Nairobi Action Plan. Action #36 calls on States Parties to “act upon their obligation under Article 6.3.”^[41]

In many mine-affected countries the assistance available to address the needs of survivors is inadequate and additional outside assistance is needed in providing for the care and rehabilitation of mine survivors. Landmine Monitor identified at least 33 countries receiving resources from other states for mine victim assistance programs in 2004, with the majority of resources being provided for physical rehabilitation.

Precise, comprehensive and comparable figures on resources available for mine victim assistance are difficult to obtain. Some governments do not provide specific funding for victim assistance, but rather consider victim assistance as an integrated part of humanitarian mine action. Sometimes victim assistance activities are funded together with mine risk education and it is not possible to separate the amounts expended on each activity. Some countries, for example Sweden and the United Kingdom, do not provide specific funding for victim assistance at all with the view that landmine survivors are reached through bilateral development cooperation and other contributions. However, experience has shown that unless funding is specifically targeted at facilities and programs that assist persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors, it is likely that resources will be directed to other areas of public health or development concern leaving the disabled population further disadvantaged.

Based on an analysis of various sources of information available to Landmine Monitor, state donors to mine victim assistance in 2004 include:^[42]

	2004	2003[43]	Total Since 1999
Australia	$1,206,952	$19,500	$4,928,433
Austria	$280,628	$79,205	$1,554,647
Belgium	$2,099,552	$936,921	$5,493,402
Canada	$1,804,429	$513,766	$13,543,340
Croatia	17,241	$11,495	$50,297
Czech Republic	$15,944	$108,060	$182,154
Denmark	$0	$0	$604,414
Finland	$624,664	$304,323	$3,230,128
France	$318,042	$27,156	$1,450,849
Germany	$1,075,887	$3,865,984	$11,107,083
Hungary	$0	$31,000	$33,910
Ireland	$0	$435,628	$2,450,956
Italy	$0	$96,936	$5,946,804
Japan	$186,616	$0	$6,318,083
Luxembourg	$6,219	$854,036	$2,814,242
Netherlands	$435,330	$495,603	$5,295,373
New Zealand	$174,530	$163,044	$687,116
Norway	$4,737,173	$5,532,700	$28,976,418
Poland	$0	$0	$25,364
Portugal	$0	$68,700	$285,946
Slovakia	$0	$0	$35,477
Slovenia	$49,698	$67,699	$684,558
South Africa	$95,200	$59,536	$247,987
Spain	$0	$323,663	$323,663
Sweden[44]	$0	$0	$226,677
Switzerland	$112,000	$0	$1,646,910
United States of America	$15,577,227[45]	$13,501,388	$72,778,762
Total	$28,817,332	$27,496,343	$170,992,262

Resources for victim assistance as a percentage of total mine action funding have declined significantly and steadily, even as the number of landmine survivors requiring assistance has continued to grow every year. The identifiable victim assistance funding for 2004 was $28.8 million compared to $27.5 million in 2003, an increase of 4.8 percent.

In addition to resources provided by states, the European Commission reported funding for mine victim assistance in 2004. In 2003 the EC reported funding for mine victim assistance programs for the first time. The total of funding attributable specifically to victim assistance is not known, however the EC reported that in 2004 it contributed, €100,000 ($124,380) for support of a rehabilitation center in Sri Lanka; €1.4 million ($1,741,320) for mine risk education and victim assistance also in Sri Lanka; €250,000 ($310,950) for victim assistance and mine risk education for Burmese refugees in the Thai border areas; and €70,000 ($87,066) for mine risk education and victim assistance in Uganda.

Several states significantly increased their reported funding of victim assistance in 2004 including: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland and the United States. It should be noted that while the US contribution appears to be the largest, this includes the total contribution of the Leahy War Victims Fund (in excess of $11 million), which supports programs for all victims of war; the percentage of funding that goes to support programs assisting landmine survivors is not available.

Equally, if not more important, are the activities of mine-affected states in providing resources for facilities and services within the public health system to address the needs of landmine victims. For example, in Croatia, the state reportedly allocated $17,241 specifically for mine victim assistance in 2004. Information on the contributions made by mine-affected states to mine victim assistance is not readily available. In addition, many if not the majority of victim assistance programs are carried out by NGOs who receive funding from various sources including governments, private donors and charitable foundations. For example, in 2004 the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund (a UK-based charity) committed $3,350,000 to the Landmine Survivors Network over three years to help support landmine survivors, their families and communities worldwide.^[46] Therefore, the information obtained for the Landmine Monitor Report 2005 on funding contributions cannot be taken as fully representative of the total resources available to provide assistance to mine victims and other persons with disabilities.

Included in the information provided by states are contributions to the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action and the ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled.^[47] In 2004 the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action expended CHF 15.15 million ($13.19 million) on its physical rehabilitation programs, compared to CHF 18.8 million ($14 million) in 2003 on emergency care, continuing medical care and physical rehabilitation programs. In 2004 contributions for physical rehabilitation programs totaling CHF 15,793,587 ($12,708,068) were received by the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action: CHF 7,000,247 ($5,632,642) from six countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Norway and South Africa); CHF 319,952 ($257,444) from one national Red Cross society (Japan); CHF 1,473,716 ($1,185,803) from organizations including Rotary, UEFA, Soroptimist International and other donors; and, an additional CHF 6,999,672 ($5,632,179) was funded from contributions to the annual emergency appeals.^[48]

The ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled expended CHF 4,074,085 ($3,278,150) on physical rehabilitation programs for persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors in 2004, an increase from the $2,235,206 reported for 2003. In 2004, five countries (Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Norway and the United States via the Leahy War Victims Fund) contributed CHF 2,775,378 ($2,233,165), five national societies (Germany, Monaco, Norway, United Arab Emirates and Switzerland) provided CHF 682,123 ($548,860), and private donors provided CHF 181,598 ($146,120).^[49]

States also report contributions to victim assistance through the Slovenia-based International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance. In 2004 the ITF expended $717,358 on victim assistance, constituting only 2.9 percent of overall spending. This is a sharp decrease from 10.8 percent ($2,684,100)^[50] in 2003, and is the lowest percentage contribution to date, far below the ITF target of 15 percent for victim assistance.^[51] In 2004 four countries contributed to victim assistance activities through the ITF, including the United States, Slovenia, France and Norway, as compared to seven countries in 2003.^[52]

Major Mine Action Recipients

Accurate, complete and comparable figures for major mine action recipients are even more difficult to obtain than those for mine action donors. According to information available to Landmine Monitor, the largest recipients have been Afghanistan ($433 million since 1991), Cambodia ($232 million since 1994), Iraq ($225 million since 1993), Mozambique ($204 million since 1993), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($148 million since 1995), Angola ($141 million since 1993), Kosovo ($91 million since 1999), Lebanon (estimated at greater than $80 million since 2000) and Laos ($62 million since 1994).

In 2004 the top recipients were Afghanistan ($91.8 million), Iraq ($58.7 million), Cambodia ($41.6 million), Angola ($28 million), Sri Lanka ($23.6 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($18.8 million), and Sudan ($15 million).

The biggest increases in mine action donations in 2004 were to Cambodia ($24.6 million), Afghanistan ($16.6 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($8.4 million), Sri Lanka ($7.8 million), Angola ($6.7 million), Sudan ($5.5 million), Croatia ($3.8 million), Iraq ($3.7 million), Laos ($2.8 million), Somaliland ($2 million) and Jordan ($1.5 million).

The largest decreases were in Mozambique ($3.3 million), Azerbaijan ($2.4 million), Eritrea ($2 million) and Nicaragua ($1.4 million).

Abkhazia (Georgia)—Donor reports indicate that Abkhazia received approximately $2 million in mine action assistance in 2004 compared to an estimated $1.4 million in 2003.

Afghanistan—Reports by donors indicate that 16 countries and the EC provided $91.8 million for mine action in Afghanistan in 2004. This represents an increase of approximately 22 percent, compared with $75.2 million reported by the United Nations Mine Action Center for Afghanistan for 2003.

Albania—Landmine Monitor estimates that approximately $3 million was contributed for mine action in Albania in 2004, compared to the estimated $3.6 million contributed in 2003.

Angola—In 2004, 15 donor countries, the EC and UNDP reported contributions totaling approximately $28 million for mine action in Angola. This is an increase from the estimated contribution of $21.3 million in 2003, from 17 donor countries and the EC.

Azerbaijan—Donors reported contributing a total of $3.2 million to mine action in Azerbaijan in 2004. This represents a decrease from last year’s funding of approximately $5.6 million.

Bosnia and Herzegovina—Landmine Monitor estimates that in 2004 a total of $18.8 million was donated to mine action in Bosnia and Herzegovina by 13 governments, the EC, SFOR, UNDP and several international organizations, a substantial increase from $10.4 million in 2003.

Burundi—In 2004, three NGOs received $1,046,082 for mine action in Burundi.

Cambodia—Thirteen countries and the EC reported contributions of $41,652,918 for mine action in Cambodia in 2004. This total is more than double the funding Landmine Monitor reported for 2003, some $17 million, and more than CMAA reported as mine action expenditures in 2004. The largest single increase in donor funding came from Japan, $16 million, a six-fold increase on its 2003 contribution.

Chad—As in the past, information on mine action funding for Chad is inconsistent and incomplete. According to Landmine Monitor research, four donors reported providing $1.9 million in mine action funding to Chad in 2004, compared to $1.2 million in 2003.

Chechnya—In 2004, three countries and the EC reported providing a total of US$804,066 for mine action in Chechnya and surrounding regions. UNICEF reported receiving $1,035,145 for mine action in Chechnya and surrounding regions in 2004.

Colombia—Unlike other heavily mine-affected countries, international donors have contributed little specifically and directly to mine action in Colombia. Most governments have provided indirect support through international organizations. Four donors reported contributing a total of $3.53 million for mine action funding for Colombia in 2004. UNICEF and UNDP funded a variety of programs in Colombia in 2004 and 2005, but the total value is not known.

Croatia—Landmine Monitor identified international donations to mine action in Croatia in 2004 totaling $9.3 million from seven countries and the EC. This represents a significant increase from $5.5 million donated in 2003.

Cyprus—In August 2004, the EC made available €2.5 million ($3.1 million), through its Partnership for the Future program, to clear National Guard minefields in the buffer zone. Prior to this, Canada provided $250,000, channeled through the ITF, to which Slovenia added $25,000 in 2003.

Democratic Republic of Congo—International donors reported contributing $4.5 million to mine action in the DRC in 2004, an increase from $3.79 million in 2003.

Eritrea—In 2004 eight donor countries and the EC reported contributing a total of $4.95 million to mine action in Eritrea, a decrease from $6.85 million in 2003 and $11.1 million in 2002.

Ethiopia—Four countries and the EC reported contributing approximately $2.34 million to mine action in Ethiopia in 2004.

Guinea-Bissau—Landmine Monitor estimates that just under $1 million was contributed for mine action in Guinea-Bissau in 2004, compared to $1.21 million in 2003.

Iraq—The National Mine Action Authority has stated that it received some $61 million in donations in 2004. Landmine Monitor has been able to identify $58.7 million in contributions to mine action in Iraq in 2004 from 13 donors. This includes donations to NGOs and international agencies operating in Iraq, and some in-kind contributions. Landmine Monitor identified $55 million in international contributions to mine action in Iraq from 15 donors in 2003.

Jordan—Four donor countries plus UNDP provided some $2.2 million in 2004. This doubles the $1.1 million received in 2003.

Kosovo—A total of three countries reported contributing approximately $1.58 million for mine action Kosovo in 2004. Landmine Monitor estimated external mine action funding to be $2.2 million in 2003.

Lebanon—Landmine Monitor identified seven donor countries contributing a total of $5.18 million for mine action in Lebanon in 2004, compared to $5.9 million reported by donors in 2003. In addition, the United Arab Emirates has reported that it provided $50 million, through UNMAS, to mine action in Lebanon from 2002-2004 under Operation Emirates Solidarity. The year-by-year breakdown of expenditures is not available.

Laos—Nine donor countries and the EC reported contributing $8.13 million to mine action in Laos in 2004, including funds for the UNDP Trust Fund and other bilateral donations. This represents an increase from approximately $5.27 million contributed by 10 donor countries and the EC in 2003.

Mozambique—Funding information provided to Landmine Monitor directly by donors indicates that in 2004 14 countries and the EC contributed $11.95 million for mine action in Mozambique. This is a substantial decrease from the $15.25 million reported by donors in 2003.

Nagorno-Karabakh—In 2004, the HALO Trust received about $1.16 million for its work in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Nicaragua—It is difficult to clearly identify mine action funding for Nicaragua on an annual basis, because many donors designate funds for the Organization of American States’ Central America program and not Nicaragua specifically, and some provide multi-year funding. In 2004 Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the United States reported contributing $3.99 million to mine action in Nicaragua.

Serbia and Montenegro—Landmine Monitor estimates that Serbia and Montenegro received $1.7 million in mine action funding in 2004, from two donor governments, compared to approximately $1.1 million in 2003.

Somaliland—Six countries and the EC provided $4.1 million for mine action in Somaliland in 2004. This is almost double the $2.1 million donated in 2003.

Sri Lanka—There has been a major increase in contributions to mine action for Sri Lanka since the cease-fire took effect in February 2002. In 2004, 12 countries and the EC reported $23.6 million in mine action funding, compared to $15.8 million in 2003, and $6 million in 2002.

Sudan—Twelve donors and the EC contributed approximately $15 million for mine action in Sudan in 2004. This is almost a 70 percent increase from the $9.5 million in international contributions identified by Landmine Monitor in 2003.

Tajikistan—For 2004, Tajikistan reports that it received $2.3 million from seven countries, UNDP and OSCE. Landmine Monitor identified funding of $2.5 million for mine action in Tajikistan from seven donor countries and the EC in 2003.

Thailand—International donors reported contributing $964,945 to mine action in Thailand in 2004, a decrease from about 1.2 million in 2003.

Vietnam—In 2004, four donors reported providing a total of approximately $4.9 million for mine action in Vietnam. International contributions in 2003 totaled about $4.3 million.

Yemen—Landmine Monitor estimates that Yemen received approximately $2.6 million for its mine action program from eight donor countries in 2004. This is a decrease from the $3.6 million received in 2003.

^[1] Only 10 donor countries in 2004 reported their funding contributions on the UN Mine Action Investments database.

^[2] In some cases, donors are not reporting on calendar year 2004. Among the countries reporting for different fiscal years are the US (October 2003-September 2004), Canada (April 2004-March 2005), UK (April 2004- April 2005) and Australia (July 2004-June 2005).

^[3] For example, the Euro increased in value by about 10 percent versus the dollar in 2004. For the Euro, Landmine Monitor has used these average rates: in 2004 €1=$1.2438; in 2003 €1=$1.13; in 2002, €1=$0.95; in 2001, €1=$0.90. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.

^[4] The contribution was for the Thai fiscal year 2005 (1 October 2004–30 September 2005).

^[5] Among others contributing in 2004 were the governments of Jordan ($280,000, consisting of an annual contribution of $235,000 from the Ministry of Finance and $35,000 from the Armed Forces) and Macedonia ($15,000 for Unit for Humanitarian Demining office costs). Information is not available for others who have contributed national funds to mine action in the past, such as Chad, Nicaragua and Peru.

^[6] Final Report of the First Review Conference, APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, pp. 94-105.

^[7] Those increasing funding included the top four historical donors, and seven of the top 11: US, EC, Norway, Japan, Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland. Those decreasing included four of the top donors: UK, Canada, Germany and Sweden.

^[8] In 2005 for the first time Switzerland provided Landmine Monitor with funding information in Swiss Francs (CHF); previously, it had reported only in US Dollars.

^[9] Includes $50 million, provided by the United Arab Emirates for mine action in Lebanon from 2002-2004, but the yearly breakdown in not available.

^[10] Average exchange rates for 2004 taken from US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005, with the exception of: US$1 = CHF1.35, fixed rate specified by government of Switzerland.

^[11] Includes funding from Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Slovenia and South Africa. Totals for 2004 were not available for China or a number of other past donors.

^[12] Includes China ($6.2 million), Luxembourg ($4.6 million), South Korea ($4.1 million), Saudi Arabia ($3 million), Slovenia ($3.4 million), Iceland ($1.3 million), and $2 million for other donors such as Brazil, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa and others.

^[13] Per capita funding provides another perspective on mine action funding by donor countries. To calculate these figures the 2004 country funding amounts were divided by that country’s population. Population numbers are from the World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, “Population 2004,” 1 July 2005, available at
www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/POP.pdf, accessed 27 September 2005.

^[14] Figures for years prior to 2003 are taken from the Executive Summary of Landmine Monitor Report 2004, with any corrections received for earlier years. In most but not all instances, the figures for earlier years are calculated at the exchange rates for those years.

^[15] USG Historical Chart containing data for FY 2004, by email from Angela L. Jeffries, Financial Management Specialist, US Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, 20 July 2005.

^[16] European Community’s Contribution to the Landmine Monitor 2005, by email from Nicola Marcel, RELEX Unit 3a Security Policy, European Commission, 19 July 2005.

^[17] Article 7 Report, Form J, 28 April 2005; emails from May-Elin Stener, Section for Humanitarian Affairs, Department for Global Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, April-May 2005.

^[18] Email from Kitagawa Yasu, Japanese Campaign to Ban Landmines (JCBL), 10 August 2005, with translation of Ministry of Foreign Affairs information sent to JCBL on 11 May 2005.

^[19] Email from Andrew Willson, Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, Department for International Development, 1 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor from Debbie Clements, Directorate of Joint Commitments, Ministry of Defence, 10 August 2005.

^[20] Figures prior to 1998 only include CIDA funding.

^[21] Canada is a good example of exchange rate variations affecting total mine action funding as reported in US dollars. Canadian funding decreased 1.3 million in Canadian dollars, but increased 0.1 million in US dollars.

^[22] Mine Action Investments database; emails from Elvan Isikozlu, Mine Action Team, Foreign Affairs Canada, June-August 2005.

^[23] Article 7 Report, Form J, 15 April 2005; email from Dirk Roland Haupt, Federal Foreign Office, Division 241, 25 July 2005.

^[24] Document sent by post from Alf Eliasson, SIDA,23 March 2005.

^[25] Figures prior to 1996 are not available.

^[26] Email from Freek Keppels, Arms Control and Arms Export Policy Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4 August 2005.

^[27] Mine Action Investments database; email from Hanne Elmelund Gam, the Department of Humanitarian & NGO Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 18 July 2005.

^[28] Mine Action Investments database; email from Janine Voigt, Diplomatic Collaborator, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 July 2005.

^[29] Email from Doug Melvin, AusAID, 17 June 2005.

^[30] Mine Action Investments database; emails from Manfredo Capozza, Humanitarian Demining Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June-July 2005.

^[31] The UAE reported in the UN Mine Action Investment database that it had spent the $50 million from 2002-2004 as follows: $1,631,715 for Phase 1 (minefield reconnaissance and elimination of booby-traps); $24,766,000 for Phase 2 (clearance and elimination of mines and UXO); $6,199,000 for Phase 3 (clearance and elimination of UXO); $1,349,685 for purchasing demining machinery and other equipment; $3,342,800 as a contribution to the UN office in South Lebanon; $476,538 for film and media coverage of the project by Emirates Media Corp; $12,234,262 for expenses of the UAE Armed Forces and other administrative expenses. Mine Action Investment database, www.mineaction.org, accessed 4 August 2005.

^[32] Amounts are taken from the Mine Action Investments database. Confirmed by email from Teemu Sepponen, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 13 July 2005.

^[33] Article 7 Report, Form J, 2 May 2005.

^[34] Emails from Amb. Gerard Chesnel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 30 June 2005, and Anne Villeneuve, HI, July-August 2005.

^[35] Article 7 Report, Form J, 14 June 2005; email from Department of Foreign Affairs, 4 August 2005 via Tony D’Costa, Pax Christi Ireland.

^[36] Article 7 Report, Form J, 27 April 2005; email from Norbert Hack, Minister, Department of Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 August 2005.

^[37] Letter from Charlotte Darlow, Disarmament Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20 April 2005; email from Jane Coster, NZAID, 11 August 2005.

^[38] Email from Markus Henrik, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 August 2005.

^[39] Email from Francois Berg, Disarmament Desk, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 August 2005.

^[40] Email from Jan Kara, Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 29 July 2005.

^[41] Final Report of the First Review Conference, APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 27.

^[42] All amounts are expressed in US dollars. This data was collated following an analysis by Landmine Monitor of Form J attachments to Article 7 reports, the audited accounts of the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action and the ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled, information provided by the International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF), USAID, “Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund: 2004 Portfolio Synopsis,” p. 74, and other relevant data provided to Landmine Monitor. Full details are available on request. It should be noted that ICRC financial accounts are based on a calendar year whereas some donors have different fiscal years, as in the case of Australian victim assistance funding in 2004.

^[43] Some of the figures for 2003 have changed since Landmine Monitor Report 2004, as new information became available.

^[44] Although it is among the countries that did not report funding to victim assistance programs in 2004, Landmine Monitor has identified Sweden as one of the main donors to a victim assistance program in Colombia, through the Swedish International Development Agency, via Star of Hope International.

^[45] This amount includes three components. First, Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund administered by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) totalled $11.93 million. LWVF expenditures for landmine survivors are not separated out from those for war victims overall. Second, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provided $3.15 million to Landmine Survivors Network. Email from Michael Gerber, International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 September 2005. This is the first report in which annual funding through CDC to mine victim assistance has been identified for inclusion in the total of US funding. Third, US Department of State funding through the Slovenia's International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance totalled $497,227 of for victim assistance programs in the Balkans in calendar year 2004.

^[46] Email from Therese Lyras, Press and Communications Coordinator, Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, 20 July 2005.

^[47] It should be noted that ICRC financial accounts are based on a calendar year whereas some donors have different fiscal years. For the purposes of funding analysis, the contributions are reflected in the year in which they were received by the ICRC.

^[48] ICRC Special Appeal Mine Action 2004.  Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG Fides Peat, “Assistance for Mine Victims, Geneva: Auditor's report on supplementary information on the Special Appeal, Statement of contributions and expenditure, Financial Statements 2004,” Appendix II and III, Geneva, 14 July 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: US$1 = CHF1.2428, used for CHF amounts not contributed by the Swiss Government at a set rate. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.,” Average exchange rate for 2003: US$1 = CHF 1.3454 US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual) 2 January 2004.

^[49] ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled 2004. Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG Fides Peat, “Assistance for Mine Victims, Geneva: Auditor's report on supplementary information on the Special Appeal, Statement of contributions and expenditure, Financial Statements 2004,” Appendix V, Geneva, 14 July 2005. The shortfall in contributions over expenditures was covered by general reserves.

^[50] ITF, “Contribution to the Landmine Monitor 2005,” by email from Iztok Hočevar, Head of International Relations Department, 22 July 2005.

^[51] Executive Summary, Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 71.

^[52] Email from Natasa Uršič, Geographical Information System Project Manager, 22 September 2005.