For 2008 Landmine Monitor identified a total of US$626.5 million in funding for mine action worldwide, combining international and national funding. International funding increased significantly, while national funding decreased slightly compared to 2007. Total international support for mine action for 1992–2008 was $4.27 billion.

Landmine Monitor identified roughly $517.8 million (some €351.7 million) of international funding allocated for mine action in 2008 from 23 countries and the European Commission (EC). This is an increase of approximately $87.9 million (20%) compared to 2007 and the highest reported total to date, surpassing the previously highest total—$475 million in 2006—by some $43 million (9%). In national currency terms, 16 donors increased funding in 2008 compared to 2007, while six decreased funding. (The Czech Republic reported funds in Euros in 2008, but in Koruna in 2007.) Funding in 2008 was channeled to at least 53 recipient states and other areas. The top five recipients of mine action funding in 2008 were, in descending order, Afghanistan, Sudan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Cambodia.

Landmine Monitor also identified at least $108.7 million (€73.8 million) in national funding (monetary or in-kind assistance contributed to their own mine action programs) in 2008 by 22 states affected by mine/explosive remnants of war (ERW). This is a decrease of roughly $8.7 million (7%) compared to 2007.

Introduction

Article 6 of the Mine Ban Treaty (international cooperation and assistance) recognizes the right of each State Party to seek and receive assistance from other States Parties in fulfilling its treaty obligations. Landmine Monitor reports annually on support for mine action based on monetary and in-kind assistance reported by mine/ERW-affected states and on international mine action assistance reported by donor states. Landmine Monitor also reports on the estimated costs and resource mobilization strategies for fulfilling treaty obligations on the part of mine/ERW-affected states, and the priorities and strategies for mine action assistance on the part of donor states.

International Mine Action Funding 1996–2008 (US$ million)

Landmine Monitor relies in most cases on responses to requests for information from, or public reporting by, donor and mine/ERW-affected states. While Landmine Monitor seeks to provide the most complete and accurate possible account of global mine action support, its reporting is limited by the ability and willingness of states to track and report their own funding and other forms of support, and by the availability of cost estimates, budgets, strategic plans, and other financial reporting.

Although several mine-affected countries have reported annual national funding for at least two consecutive years, reporting and comparison of annual national funding levels remains imprecise. A continued absence of standard methods of tracking and reporting by mine/ERW-affected states and, in some cases, a lack of information available on actual expenditures, makes overall annual comparisons difficult.

The biggest contributors to mine action in 2008 were the EC ($89.5 million), the United States ($85 million), Japan ($51.6 million), Canada ($43.1 million), Norway ($36.7 million), the Netherlands ($28.2 million), Germany ($26.7 million), the United Kingdom ($24.9 million), Spain ($20.4 million), Sweden ($18.9 million), and Australia ($18.2 million). The largest contribution came from the EC combined with national funding by European Union (EU) member states, a total of $264.2 million (€179.4 million), as reported below.

As in 2007, changes in the average exchange rates between national currencies and the US dollar in some cases had a significant effect on the US dollar value of international contributions to mine action. The average exchange value of the Euro, for example, increased by roughly 7% in US dollar terms in 2008 compared to 2007, affecting the US dollar value of contributions by 10 of the 20 largest international donors; and as a result of the decline of the British pound in relation to the US dollar, UK contributions fell in US dollar terms during 2008 despite rising in UK pound terms.

National Contributions to Mine Action

At least 22 mine/ERW-affected states contributed $108.7 million in funding (including in-kind contributions) to their own mine action programs during 2008, compared to roughly $117.4 million in 2007. Of the 15 mine-affected states submitting Article 5 deadline extension requests in 2008, 11 reported national funding during 2008, totaling $77,430,891. Of the four states submitting Article 5 deadline extension requests in 2009, two reported national funding in 2008, totaling $2.37 million (see Funding Article 5 deadline extensions section below).

Eight countries (Afghanistan, Ecuador, Egypt, Iraq, Mauritania, Rwanda, South Korea, and Uganda) reported national funding in 2007 but did not report funds in 2008. Together, these countries represented $20.9 million in national funding in 2007, though of this total, $18.2 million was contributed by Iraq alone. Two countries (Cyprus and Somalia) newly reported national funding in 2008. Together, these countries represent $158,219 in reported national funds.

Among the 20 states reporting national mine action support in both 2007 and 2008, 10 reported increases in levels of support in US dollar terms: Chile ($9.4 million increase), Azerbaijan ($4.1 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) ($2.5 million), Cambodia ($650,000), Thailand ($550,470), Mozambique ($263,270), Yemen ($100,000), Albania ($65,000), Peru ($45,414), and Tajikistan ($9,000). Three states—Lebanon, Jordan, and Zimbabwe—reported no change in funding levels. Seven states reported decreases in funding: Croatia ($325,335 decrease), Colombia ($390,500), Nicaragua ($400,000), Chad ($479,418), Senegal ($623,000), Zambia ($824,844), and Sudan ($2,565,120).

Eleven mine/ERW-affected states contributed, according to their own estimates, more than 0.01% of their gross national income (GNI) to mine action in 2008: Azerbaijan, BiH, Cambodia, Chad, Croatia, Jordan, Lebanon, Mozambique, Sudan, Tajikistan, and Yemen.^[1]

National Mine Action Funding for 2008: $108.7 million^[2]

Donor	(US$ million)	(€ million)
Croatia	45.3	€30.8
BiH	16.2	€11.0
Chile	10.6	€7.2
Azerbaijan	6.3	€4.3
Lebanon	5.5	€3.7
Sudan	4.9	€3.3
Yemen	3.6	€2.4
Jordan	3.5	2.4
Thailand	3.3	2.2
Chad	2.0	1.4
Cambodia	1.8	1.2
Mozambique	1.6	1.1
Peru	1.0	0.7
Colombia	0.9	0.6
Nicaragua	0.6	0.4
Tajikistan	0.6	0.4
Senegal	0.3	0.2
Albania	0.3	0.2
Zambia	0.2	0.1
Cyprus	0.1	0.1
Somalia	0.01	0.01
Zimbabwe	0.01	0.01

 

It is assumed that, globally, national funding is under-reported. Assessment of national contributions remains limited by a lack of consistent and complete reporting on national assistance, and by the absence of a standard method of reporting and applying monetary value to in-kind contributions.

International Contributions to Mine Action

Landmine Monitor identified approximately $517.8 million (€351.7 million) of international funding for mine action in 2008, donated by 23 countries and the EC.^[3] Of this, at least $1.4 million was contributed in support of the negotiation and adoption of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, including funding for advocacy and regional conferences and workshops.^[4]

International Mine Action Funding by Year^[5]

Period	Amount (US$ million)
2008	518
2007	431
2006	475
2005	375
2004	392
2003	339
2002	324
2001	237
2000	243
1999	219
1998	187
1992–1997	529
Total for 1992–2008	4,268

 

EC funding together with national funding by EU member states totaled $264.2 million (€179.4 million) in 2008.^[6] Combined EC/EU member funding remained the largest source of mine action funding in 2008, as it was in 2007. Reported EC/EU funding in 2008 was approximately 25% more in Euro terms than in 2007, and 34% more in US dollar terms.

In national currency terms, three donor states—Sweden, Spain, and Italy—provided more mine action funding in 2008 than they had in any previous year.^[7] New Zealand’s contribution of NZ$3.7 million in 2008–2009 almost matched its previously highest contribution, in 2004–2005). Of the 20 largest donors in 2008, 16 provided more funding in US dollars terms in 2008 than 2007, and four provided less. Those increasing their contribution were: Italy (138% increase), Austria (132%), the EC (96%), Spain (74%), Finland (47%), Germany (45%), Japan (45%), New Zealand (31%), Switzerland (26%), the US (22%), Denmark (21%), the Netherlands (21%), Australia (9%), Sweden (8%) and Ireland (3%). Saudi Arabia, which did not report funding in 2007, provided $1.5 million in 2008. Donors with decreased contributions were: Norway (27%), Canada (6%), Belgium (3%), and the UK (1%). Slovakia, which was among the 20 largest donors in 2007, did not report funding in 2008.

The 15 states which provided funding in 2008 equivalent to more than 0.001% of GNI, in descending order, were: Norway, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Canada, Finland, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium, Spain, Slovenia, and Japan. Among Permanent Members of the UN Security Council, the UK was 16th according to this ranking; the US 20th; and France 23rd.^[8] No monetary funding for mine action was reported by China or Russia in 2008. No donors contributed more than 0.01% of GNI in 2008.

International Mine Action Funding for 2008: $517.8 million

Donor	(US$ million)	(€ million)
EC	89.5	60.8
US	85	57.7
Japan	51.6	35.0
Canada	43.1	29.3
Norway	36.7	24.9
Netherlands	28.2	19.2
Germany	26.7	18.1
UK	24.9	16.9
Spain	20.4	13.9
Sweden	18.9	12.8
Australia	18.2	12.3
Switzerland	15.1	10.3
Denmark	14.7	10.0
Belgium	10.5	7.1
Italy	9.8	6.7
Finland	7.3	5.0
Ireland	7.2	4.9
Austria	2.7	1.8
New Zealand	2.6	1.8
Saudi Arabia	1.5	1.0
Luxembourg	1.2	0.8
Czech Republic	1.0	0.7
Slovenia	0.6	0.4
France	0.4	0.3

Funding by Donor States

EUROPEAN COMMISSION^[9]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	89.5	60.8		2005	1.4	1.1
2007	45.6	33.3		Prior to 2005	35.7	50
2006	87.3	69.5		Total	37.1	51.1
2005	47.7	38.3
Prior to 2005	363.8	369.5
Total	633.9	571.4

 

In 2008, EC and EU member states together committed $264.2 million (€179.4 million) in mine action funding, compared to $196.8 million (€143.6 million) in 2007.^[10] This represents an overall increase of approximately $67.4 million (€35.8 million) compared to 2007.^[11] Among the 27 member states of the EU, 16 reported mine action funding in 2008 independent of EC funding mechanisms.^[12] Of these, 12 reported funding increases in terms of original currency, while four reported declines in funding.^[13] The remaining 11 member states either did not report funding or did not provide valuations of in-kind contributions.

The EC contributed €60,758,061 ($89,472,321) in 2008. This consisted of €21,758,061 ($32,040,921) in funds disbursed in 2008, and €39 million ($57,431,400) in commitments made in 2008 to future mine action projects in countries which could include: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Belarus, BiH, Colombia, Ethiopia, Georgia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Lebanon, Nepal, Sudan, Sri Lanka, and Serbia.^[14] The amount of funds disbursed decreased by 25% compared to €33,280,659 ($45,631,112) in 2007, but total 2008 funding, including both disbursements and funds committed to future projects, increased by 45% compared to the previous year.

No country-specific allocations have been made from the overall commitment; in May 2009 the Directorate-General for External Relations stated that the funding commitment would be applied to “planned activities to be defined at a later stage.”^[15] AAlthough Landmine Monitor reports EC funding on the basis of annual commitments, actual EC disbursements for 2008 remain undetermined and subject to change until the finalization and release of funds by the EC, and may be subject to revision.^[16]

Eleven countries actually received funds from the EC in 2008, totaling €21,758,061 ($32,040,921). All of these countries are also among the 14 for which the EC reported commitments in 2008 to future mine action projects. The EC contributed to mine action in 11 countries and other areas in 2007.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA^[17]

Period	($ million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	85		2008	13.6
2007	69.8		2007	14.4
2006	94.5		2006	13.8
2005	81.9		2005	13.2
Prior to 2005	626.4		Prior to 2005	132.8
Total	957.6		Total	187.8

 

The US provided $85 million to mine action in 32 countries and other areas in 2008, a 22% increase compared to $69.8 million to 30 recipients in 2007. Starting in fiscal year 2009, the US has integrated three separate accounts—Humanitarian Demining, International Trust Fund, and Small Arms/Light Weapons—into a single account for Conventional Weapons Destruction (Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs-Conventional Weapons Destruction, NADR-CWD). The transition to a combined account did not evidently affect US funding levels for mine action; however, long-term funding projections have not been reported.

JAPAN^[18]

Period	($ million)	(¥ million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	51.6	5,318		2007	4.2	489
2007	35.5	4,176		2006	9.1	1,058
2006	25.3	2,944		2005	7.4	811
2005	39.3	4,323		Prior to 2005	13.6	1,555
Prior to 2005	178.0	20,612		Total	34.3	3,913
Total	329.7	37,373

 

In 2008, Japan contributed ¥5,318,480,480 ($51,589,261) compared to ¥4,175,698,717 ($35,493,439) in 2007, an increase of approximately 27% in Yen terms. Japan gave funds to 13 countries in 2008, compared to 17 in 2007.

CANADA^[19]

Period	($ million)	(C$ million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	43.1	46.0		2007	0.3	0.4
2007	45.8	49.2		2006	1.1	1.2
2006	28.9	32.8		2005	2.8	3.4
2005	20.5	24.8		Prior to 2005	13.5	17.6
Prior to 2005	127.6	185		Total	17.7	22.6
Total	265.9	337.8

 

Canada contributed C$45,969,874 ($43,124,339) to mine action in fiscal year 2008–2009, a decrease of 7% in Canadian dollar terms compared to 2007–2008 (C$49,195,671/$45,830,687). Canada provided funding to 13 countries, including contributions to Afghanistan totaling approximately C$28.7 million ($27 million).

Canadian funding remained roughly stable between 2007 and 2008, as the dedicated Canadian Landmine Fund, in place from 1999 to March 2008, was replaced by funding structures integrated within Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). In May 2009, Canada reported that the “vast majority” of new funds are provided by CIDA, in order to align mine action funding with development priorities and to support the Millennium Development Goals. As a result of the new funding structures, Canada reported that mine action funds have been difficult to access for countries outside CIDA’s geographic areas of priority, and for mine action projects unrelated to field activities, such as advocacy.^[20]

From November 2008 to August 2009, Canada chaired the Contact Group on Linking Mine Action and Development.

NORWAY^[21]

Period	($ million)	(NOK million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	36.7	206.6		2007	$649,040	3.8
2007	50.2	293.7		2006	$618,421	4
2006	34.9	223.9		2005	$333,833	2.3
2005	36.5	235		Total	1,601,294	10.1
Prior to 2005	219.1	1,649.9
Total	377.4	2,609.1

 

Norway contributed NOK206,631,608 ($36,656,447) to mine action in 2008, an approximately 30% decrease in Norwegian kroner terms from 2007 (NOK293,650,490/$50,155,504). Funds were allocated to 17 countries and other areas. The decline in funds is in line with statements by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in August 2008, that the pattern of increased funding in previous years may end in the near future, as some programs were reduced (such as clearance in Jordan) and as Norwegian embassies give priority to other humanitarian aid sectors.^[22]

In a statement to the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in May 2009, Norway reported that it will continue to provide “a high level” of mine action assistance in the future, and will consider multi-year funding arrangements with selected partners to ensure stable funding to mine action programs. It called on both donor states and mine-affected states to develop mine action methods that “can be sustained over time… when cooperation and assistance parameters change.”^[23]

From November 2008 to August 2009, Norway chaired the Contact Group on Resource Mobilization.

THE NETHERLANDS^[24]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)
2008	28.2	19.2
2007	23.4	17.1
2006	26.9	21.4
2005	19.3	15.5
Prior to 2005	114.6	102.9
Total	212.4	176.1

 

The Netherlands contributed €19,172,459 ($28,233,363) in funds in 2008, a 12% increase in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€17,056,776/$23,386,546). The Netherlands contributed funds to 11 states and other areas in 2008, compared to 10 in 2007.

At the Ninth Meeting of States Parties in November 2008, the Netherlands outlined five principles guiding its mine action funding policy: geographic spread, with emphasis on the Horn of Africa, the Great Lakes region, the Western Balkans, and Afghanistan; effectiveness and socio-economic impact of programs; capacity-building; application of the International Mine Action Standards principles and procedures; and additional support to other mine action sectors. The Netherlands reported that at least €10 million of its contributions in 2008 were channeled through NGOs.^[25]

GERMANY^[26]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	26.7	18.1		2007	5.2	4.2
2007	18.4	13.4
2006	18.6	14.8
2005	21.1	17
Prior to 2005	122.9	115.6
Total	207.7	178.9

 

Germany’s funding of €18,148,899 ($26,725,921) in 2008 was an increase of 35% in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€13,400,957/$18,374,052). Germany contributed to 21 states in 2008, compared to 17 states and other areas in 2007. Germany’s funding for 2008 exceeded its earlier projection of €17.6 million.

In May 2009, Germany reported contributing a total of $100 million to the EC budget for mine action, in addition to its direct assistance to mine action. Germany projected donations in 2008 and 2009 totaling $46 million. In allocating funds, Germany reportedly has no geographic areas of priority, but focuses support on States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty.^[27]

In a statement on mine clearance in May 2009, Germany stressed the importance for mine-affected states to take national ownership of their mine action programs, and to build up “efficient and sustainable local capacities” in mine action.^[28]

UNITED KINGDOM^[29]

Period	($ million)	(£ million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008–2009	24.9	13.5		2006–2007	0.4	0.2
2007–2008	25.2	12.6		2005–2006	3.2	1.8
2006–2007	19.3	10.5		Prior to 2005	11.4	7.1
2005–2006	21.4	11.8		Total	15	9.1
Prior to 2005	153.9	98.9
Total	244.7	147.3

 

UK funding of £13,451,597 ($24,945,987) in fiscal year 2008–2009 represented an increase of 7% in British pound terms compared to fiscal year 2007–2008 (£12,586,513/$25,198,199). In 2008–2009, the UK Department for International Development (DfID) reported mine action funding for 20 states and other areas, compared to 22 in 2007–2008.

SPAIN^[30]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)
2008	20.4	13.9
2007	11.7	8.6
2006	8.6	6.8
2005	1.9	1.5
Prior to 2005	8.2	6.6
Total	50.8	37.4

 

Spain provided €13,886,118 ($20,448,697) in 2008, a 62% increase in Euro terms compared to €8,558,008 ($11,733,885) in 2007. Funds were contributed to 15 countries and other areas, including in-kind contributions through training at its International Demining Center, compared to 11 countries and other areas in 2007.

SWEDEN^[31]

Period	($ million)	(SEK million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	18.9	124.5		Prior to 2005	25.7	188.8
2007	17.5	118.3
2006	14.9	110.1
2005	11.7	87.6
Prior to 2005	114.9	950.4
Total	177.9	1,390.9

 

In 2008, Sweden contributed SEK124,458,455 ($18,905,239), a 5% increase in SEK terms compared to 2007 (SEK118,287,250 or $17,506,513). Sweden reported contributions to eight countries and other areas in 2008, compared to nine in 2007.

AUSTRALIA^[32]

Period	($ million)	(A$ million)
2008–2009	18.2	21.3
2007–2008	16.7	19.9
2006–2007	16.5	21.9
2005–2006	8.9	11.7
Prior to 2005	66.2	104.4
Total	126.5	179.2

 

Australia’s funding of A$21,263,137 ($18,152,340) in fiscal year July 2008–June 2009 represented a 7% increase in Australian dollar terms from fiscal year 2007–2008 (A$19,906,343 or $16,703,412). In 2005, Australia made a five-year, A$75 million commitment to mine action. Having spent A$60.3 million over four years, Australia remains on track to meet its five-year commitment. Australia’s support was provided to seven countries in 2008, the same number as in 2007.

As of November 2008, Australia projected contributions in 2008–2009 totaling roughly A$8.8 million, which was surpassed by actual contributions.^[33]

SWITZERLAND^[34]

Period	($ million)	(CHF million)
2008	15.2	16.3
2007	12	14.4
2006	14.1	17.6
2005	12.1	15.1
Prior to 2005	67.8	91.3
Total	121.2	154.7

 

Switzerland’s 2008 mine action funding of CHF16,341,060 ($15,108,944) was a 13% increase in Swiss franc terms compared to 2007 (CHF14,407,760 or $12,007,427). Switzerland funded 14 countries and areas in 2008, the same number as in 2007. The 2008 total includes CHF8.4 million ($7,766,640) in support to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD). Swiss funding for GICHD totaled $6.8 million in 2007, $6.4 million in 2006, $6 million in 2005, $6.1 million in 2004, $5.23 million in 2003, $4.35 million in 2002, $3.3 million in 2001, and $2.3 million in 2000, totaling some $48.3 million from 2000–2008.

Switzerland’s mine action strategy for the period 2008 to 2011 calls for maintenance of funding levels around CHF16 million per year. Switzerland prioritizes integration of mine action funding within peace and development programs.^[35]

In a statement to the Ninth Meeting of States Parties in November 2008, Switzerland called for additional efforts by States Parties to improve mechanisms for technical assistance and exchange of information, and called on States Parties fulfilling obligations under Article 5 to strengthen cooperation at the regional level to develop joint mine action strategies.^[36]

DENMARK^[37]

Period	($ million)	(DKK million)
2008	14.7	74.6
2007	12.1	65.7
2006	14.5	86.1
2005	11.3	67.7
Prior to 2005	98.5	705.5
Total	151.1	999.6

 

Denmark contributed DKK74,630,000 ($14,664,795) in 2008, compared to DKK65,702,278 ($12,076,079) in 2007, an increase of 14% in Danish krone terms. Denmark contributed to nine countries and other areas in 2008, compared to 12 countries in 2007.

BELGIUM^[38]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)		Additional R&D Funding
2008	10.5	7.1		2008	0.5	0.3
2007	10.8	7.9		2007	0.4	0.3
2006	7.1	5.6		2006	0.9	0.7
2005	6.5	5.2		2005	0.6	0.5
Prior to 2005	27.5	25.7		Prior to 2005	9.2	7.4
Total	62.4	51.5		Total	11.6	9.2

 

Belgium’s mine action funding in 2008 of €7,145,951 ($10,523,127) was a decrease of 9% in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€7,881,710 or $10,806,613). Belgium provided mine action funding and assistance to 10 countries in 2007, compared to seven countries in 2007.

ITALY^[39]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)
2008	9.8	6.7
2007	4.1	3
2006	5.4	4.3
2005	4.5	3.6
Prior to 2005	52	48.6
Total	75.8	66.2

 

Italy’s mine action funding of €6,662,587 ($9,811,325) was a 121% increase in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€3,012,488 or $4,130,422). Italy contributed funds to 12 countries in 2008, compared to eight countries in 2007.

FINLAND^[40]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)
2008	7.4	5.0
2007	5.0	3.6
2006	6.3	5.0
2005	5.9	4.7
Prior to 2005	46.2	47.2
Total	70.8	65.5

 

Finland contributed €4,982,526 ($7,337,268) in 2008, a 37% increase in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€3,636,279 or $4,985,702). Funding was allocated to six countries and other areas in 2008, compared to five countries and other areas in 2007.

IRELAND^[41]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)
2008	7.2	4.9
2007	7.0	5.1
2006	4.8	3.8
2005	2.2	1.7
Prior to 2005	14.1	13.9
Total	35.3	29.4

 

Ireland’s mine action funding of €4,900,000 ($7,215,740) is a 4% decrease in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€5,115,103 or $7,013,318). Ireland contributed to six countries and one area in 2008, compared to nine countries in 2007.^[42]

AUSTRIA^[43]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)
2008	7.2	4.9
2007	7.0	5.1
2006	4.8	3.8
2005	2.2	1.7
Prior to 2005	14.1	13.9
Total	35.3	29.4

 

Austria provided €1,823,320 ($2,685,021) in mine action funding in 2008, a 116% increase in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€845,723 or $1,159,571). Austria contributed to six countries in 2008, compared to three countries in 2007.

NEW ZEALAND^[44]

Period	($ million)	(NZ$ million)
2008–2009	2.6	3.7
2007–2008	2	2.7
2006–2007	0.9	1.3
2005–2006	0.9	1.3
Prior to 2005	11.5	20.1
Total	17.9	29.1

 

New Zealand reported contributions totaling NZ$3,705,000 ($2,649,446) during fiscal year July 2008–June 2009, an increase of 35% in New Zealand dollar terms compared to 2007–2008 (NZ$2,740,981 or $2,018,733). As well as its global funding, New Zealand reported the value of its funding to Egypt, and its support to four other countries, but without providing valuations.

FRANCE^[45]

Period	($ million)	(€ million)
2008	0.4	0.3
2007	2.4	1.7
2006	3.3	2.6
2005	3.8	3.1
Prior to 2005	24.8	25.8
Total	34.7	33.5

 

France reported contributing €300,994 ($443,244) for mine action in 2008, an 83% decrease in Euro terms compared to 2007 (€1,744,055 or $2,391,274). This included in-kind contributions and training for mine-affected states. As of August 2009, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported to Landmine Monitor that complete funding data for 2008 was unavailable. In 2007 France reported a similar absence of data from its embassies, and stated actual 2007 funding may have been greater than reported.

Other mine action donors

Saudi Arabia contributed $1.5 million to mine action in Lebanon in 2008.^[46]

Luxembourg contributed €800,488 ($1,178,799) to five countries in 2008.^[47] Luxembourg provided €637,943 ($874,684) in 2007. Total mine action funding to date was $9.3 million.

The Czech Republic contributed €703,986 ($1,036,689) to mine action in 2008.^[48] The Czech Republic provided CZK23,867,286 ($1.2 million) for mine action in 2007. Estimated total mine action funding to August 2009 was $5.5 million.

Slovenia reported contributing €379,736 ($559,199) in 2008.^[49] It provided €506,093 ($693,904) in 2007. Total mine action funding as of August 2009 was $5.9 million.

Poland reported in-kind contributions to mine action in 2008–2009 in the form of mine clearance personnel in support of international peacekeeping operations, but did not report a value for these contributions.^[50] Poland reported in-kind contributions without valuations in 2007. Total mine action funding for the period 2005–2008 (excluding contributions without valuation) was $3.3 million.

China reported in-kind contributions to mine action during 2008 but did not report valuations. China contributed a total of RMB6 million ($789,000) in support of mine action in 2007. Estimated total mine action funding to August 2009 (excluding in-kind assistance without valuation) was $7 million.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) did not report new international funding in 2008. The UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) reported receiving $600,000 (€437,605) from the UAE during 2007 for mine and cluster munitions clearance in southern Lebanon. Total mine action funding to August 2009 was $69.9 million.

Slovakia did not report international funding in 2008. Slovakia’s in-kind assistance to mine action in Iraq, via contributions of the Slovak Armed Forces, ended in 2007. Slovakia continued to provide in-kind assistance to the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, but did not report a value for its contributions in 2008. In-kind assistance to Iraq and Afghanistan totaled SKK236,348,798 ($9,619,396) in 2007. Total reported funding to date is roughly $34.5 million.

Landmine Monitor is not aware of funding by Greece in 2008. Greece last reported contributing €1.9 million ($2.4 million) in February 2006 for mine action in Iraq. Mine action funding by Greece has totaled $12 million for 2001–2008.

Landmine Monitor is not aware of funding by South Korea in 2008. South Korea contributed $1 million to the UN Development Group Iraq Trust Fund in 2007. Total mine action funding as of August 2009 was $6.2 million.

Landmine Monitor is not aware of funding by Iceland in 2008. Iceland last reported providing $1.5 million for victim assistance in 2005. Total mine action funding was $2.8 million from 1997–2008.

Major Recipients

Landmine Monitor has identified international funding totaling $386.8 million (€262.6 million) to 53 recipient states and other areas in 2008, down from 70 recipients in 2007. This is in addition to $130.4 million (€88.5 million) in funds for mine action for which no recipient state is specified (or with multiple and undifferentiated recipients), and $14.1 million (€9.6 million) contributed to research and development.^[51]

The top recipients of mine action funding in 2008 were Afghanistan ($105.2 million), Sudan ($39.1 million), Iraq ($35.9 million), Lebanon ($28.2 million), Cambodia ($28.1 million), BiH ($23.6 million), Angola ($22.1 million), Ethiopia ($18.9 million), Lao PDR ($12.7 million) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC ($12.4 million).

Mine Action Recipients in 2008^[52]
% of total international funding

Mine Action Recipients Receiving $1 Million or More in 2008^[53]

Country/Area	$ million	€ million		Country/Area	$ million	€ million
Afghanistan	105.2	71.5		Albania	5.8	3.9
Sudan	39.1	26.6		Somaliland	4.4	3.0
Iraq	35.9	24.4		Palestine	3.8	2.5
Lebanon	28.2	19.1		Mozambique	3.2	2.2
Cambodia	28.1	19.1		Serbia	2.6	1.8
BiH	23.6	16.0		Chad	2.1	1.5
Angola	22.1	15.0		Tajikistan	1.9	1.3
Ethiopia	18.9	12.8		Azerbaijan	1.7	1.2
Lao PDR	12.7	8.6		Nicaragua	1.5	1.0
DRC	12.4	8.4		Nagorno-Karabakh	1.5	1.0
Colombia	9.1	6.2		Kosovo	1.1	0.8
Georgia	8.7	5.9		Burundi	1.1	0.7
Sri Lanka	8.2	5.6		Nepal	1.1	0.7
Vietnam	7.6	5.2		Burma	1.0	0.7
Jordan	6.9	4.7		Yemen	1.0	0.7
Croatia	6.6	4.5

 

Increases of at least $5 million were seen in 2008 in Afghanistan (up $19 million), Ethiopia ($13.1 million), Sudan ($9.9 million), Georgia ($8.7 million), BiH ($6.5 million), and the DRC ($6.5 million).

Significant reductions in mine action funding—of at least $2 million—occurred in Azerbaijan (down $2 million), Cambodia ($2.7 million), Nicaragua ($3 million), Guinea-Bissau ($4 million), Jordan ($5 million), Somalia ($5.5 million), Belarus ($5.5 million), Cyprus ($5.5 million), and Senegal ($7.3 million).^[54]

In regional terms, where recipient states or regional implementing organizations were identified, annual funding increased, most notably in Africa ($118.1 million in 2008 compared to $81.2 million in 2007), followed by Asia-Pacific ($166.3 million in 2008 compared to $144.4 million in 2007) and Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States ($54.5 million in 2008 compared to $44.3 million in 2007).^[55] Funding declined in the Middle East and North Africa ($77.5 million in 2008 compared to $94.7 million in 2007) and the Americas ($14.2 million in 2008 compared to $15.8 million in 2007).

2008 International Mine Action Funding by Region ($ million)^[56]

In 2008, 31 countries and other areas received at least $1 million in funding, compared to 34 countries and other areas in 2007. States and other areas directly receiving funds in 2007 but not in 2008 were: Algeria, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chechnya, Republic of the Congo, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Gabon, Guinea, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, and Zambia.^[57] States and other areas directly receiving funds in 2008 but not in 2007 were: Armenia, Eritrea, Georgia, Palestine, the Philippines, and Rwanda.

Trust Funds

Landmine Monitor has identified at least $140.7 million contributed to mine action via international trust funds in 2008, compared to $136.6 million in 2007.

The UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action, operated by the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS), received $92.5 million in 2008, compared to about $93 million in 2007, including core and multiyear funding.^[58]

The International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF), based in Slovenia, received $34 million in donations from 13 countries in 2008, as well as from the UN and its agencies, local authorities, government agencies, and private donors.^[59] The ITF received $25.7 million in donations in 2007.

The UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery received contributions totaling $14.2 million in 2008, compared to $16.1 million in 2007. Funds were directed to mine action in 13 countries, and to regional workshops in support of the Convention on Cluster Munitions.^[60]

Implementing agencies, organisations, and institutions

International funds were directed to mine action in 2008 through nearly 100 agencies, organizations, and institutions identified by donor states as responsible for allocation of funds to operating partners or for direct implementation of programs.^[61] As in 2007, some donors reported the operators responsible at the local level for project implementation, others identified an international mine action organization, which may or may not have undertaken projects with local partners, and others identified the UN or another agency through which funds were dedicated to projects at the national level.^[62]

Implementing and coordinating NGOs, trust funds, and other agencies were identified for approximately $387 million of the $518 million in total mine action funding. Landmine Monitor identified at least 39 agencies receiving more than $1 million in international funds in 2008. These included contributions identified only generally by donors, where allocations through specific agencies can be assumed but were not reported. Overall, the UN, its agencies, peacekeeping operations and trust funds acted as implementers for at least $142.7 million in funds, or some 28% of total reported funding worldwide.

Research and Development

Landmine Monitor identified $14,110,068 (€9,581,738) in international funding by two donor states for research and development (R&D) in 2008, a decrease of approximately 29% compared to 2007 ($19,980,298 or €14,572,459).

The US Department of Defense spent $13.63 million on humanitarian demining R&D projects in fiscal year 2008, compared to $14.4 million in fiscal year 2007.^[63]

Belgium contributed $480,068 (€326,000), consisting of contributions to the Belgium Royal Military Academy for demining research, as well as to the International Test and Evaluation Program for Humanitarian Demining to support testing of demining equipment.

Switzerland continued to provide general support to GICHD, including R&D, but R&D amounts are not consistently differentiated from non-R&D funding.

Japan did not report funding for R&D in 2008. Assistance by Japan to R&D in recent years, carried out under a five-year project (2002–2006) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency and a six-year project (2002–2007) of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, concluded in 2007.^[64] Japanese funding for R&D totaled roughly $4.2 million (¥488,907,424) in 2007.

Funding Article 5 Deadline Extensions

Fifteen countries submitted requests to extend their Article 5 deadlines in 2008: BiH, Chad, Croatia, Denmark, Ecuador, Jordan, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Peru, Senegal, Thailand, the UK, Venezuela, Yemen, and Zimbabwe. Of these, four states (Denmark, Jordan, the UK, and Venezuela) reported the capacity to fund their own clearance initiatives or to raise all required funds, while 11 expressed the need for international assistance. As of July 2008, the total projected cost for the 11 extension requests requiring international funding was approximately $2.26 billion through 2019.

Between August and November 2008, five states—Ecuador, Mozambique, Peru, Thailand, and Zimbabwe—submitted revised extension requests including budget projections. (Yemen submitted a revised extension request in November 2008, but with no changes to its budget projections.) Of these, two reported reduced cost estimates: Mozambique ($28.4 million, down from $32 million); and Thailand ($528.9 million from $575 million). Two states reported increased cost estimates: Ecuador ($16.7 million, up from $10.6 million), and Peru ($25.9 million from $17.9 million). Zimbabwe withdrew its original budget of $45.5 million and submitted a three-year cost estimate of $6.9 million, to complete the first phase of its extension plan, after which it will provide a plan and budget for the remaining tasks. As a result of all budget revisions, the total projected cost for states submitting Article 5 extension requests in 2008 declined by some $66 million, from $2.26 billion to roughly $2.19 billion through 2019.

Four additional states submitted Article 5 extension requests between January and August 2009: Argentina, Cambodia, Tajikistan, and Uganda. All have expressed the need for international assistance in completing their clearance obligations, and all included cost projections in their extension requests. The projected costs for these requests total roughly $595 million, with Cambodia’s request accounting for $307.4 million, Argentina’s for $250 million, Tajikistan’s for $32.6 million, and Uganda’s for $5.2 million.^[65]

Taking together the revised 2008 extension requests and extension requests newly submitted between January and August 2009, the projected costs for all Article 5 extension requests total roughly $2.78 billion for the period 2009–2019. Given that the timelines and annual budgets of each extension request are different, the annual projected costs for all extension requests are as follows:

Total annual cost estimates for Article 5 deadline extension requests (as of August 2009)^[66]

Year	Total cost (US$ million)
2009	253.3
2010	297.7
2011	302.4
2012	295.7
2013	292.5
2014	302.3
2015	278.1
2016	256.9
2017	237.1
2018	222.5
2019	68.4

 

Cost projections for 2009 represent 40% of all international and national funding reported for 2008, for all mine action sectors, and 49% of all international funds reported for the year. The projected costs, as shown above, average approximately $300 million for 2011–2014 before decreasing each after that until 2019 when $68.4 million of international assistance will be sought for Article 5 extension requests. It is assumed the annual needs for 2015–2019 will increase until 2014 as future extension requests are approved, before declining for the remainder of the period.

Given that other states will in all likelihood submit Article 5 extension requests, and that victim assistance obligations are not included in the majority of plans contained in Article 5 extension requests, it is likely that mine action funding will need to increase over the next five to 10 years. This will challenge not only fulfillment of the extension plans themselves, but also assistance to other mine action sectors, such as risk education, stockpile destruction, training, and victim assistance, and to mine/ERW-affected states that do not require an Article 5 deadline extension.

 

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